Crops, horticulture, and forestry

Forage crop

A forage crop is a plant grown to be grazed by animals or harvested as feed, including grasses, legumes such as alfalfa, and tree foliage.

Forest Conservation Act, 1980

The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, also known as Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, is an Indian central statute that requires Central Government approval before non-forest land use.

Forest policy: goals, laws, institutions and instruments governing forest management and conservation. Includes FAO policy frameworks, governance pillars, OECD instrument effectiveness, and the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).

Forest product

Forest product: any material afforded by a forest for commercial use, covering wood products (roundwood, sawnwood, pulp, paper) and non-wood forest products (foods, medicines, fibres, resins), defined by FAO and GEMET and tracked in global trade statistics.

Forest range officer

A forest range officer, also called range forest officer, is the officer in charge of a forest range, the basic field unit of a forest division in India.

Forest Research Institute (वन अनुसंधान संस्थान) (India)

Forest Research Institute (वन अनुसंधान संस्थान), Dehradun: India's premier forestry research institution, founded 1906 as Imperial Forest Research Institute, ICFRE institute and Deemed University since 1991.

Forestry

Forestry, also known as forest science, is the science and practice of managing natural and planted forests for environmental, economic, and social goals, with silviculture as its core discipline.

Forestry in India

Forestry in India: governance and management of forests under the National Forest Policy 1988, Forest Conservation Act 1980 and CAMPA; ISFR 2023 reports 715,343 sq km forest cover (21.76%) and 827,357 sq km forest and tree cover (25.17%).

Forestry periodicals

Forestry periodicals are magazines and journals on forests and forest science, from German journals of the 1800s and China's 1921 《森林》 to Sylwan, Annals of Forest Science, and modern open-access forestry journals.

Fuel wood

Fuel wood (firewood) is unprocessed woody biomass burned for cooking and heating; about 1.87 billion m3 of annual wood harvest is fuel, one-third of households rely on it, and it competes with charcoal, kerosene and LPG.

Functional–structural plant model

A functional–structural plant model (FSPM) is a simulation that couples a plant's three-dimensional architecture with physiological processes to predict growth of individual plants under defined environmental conditions.

Fusarium wilt of chickpea

Fusarium wilt of chickpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC), a soilborne fungus with eight races and two pathotypes, causing 10-15% annual chickpea yield losses and up to 100% in epidemics; managed by resistant cultivars, clean seed, sowing date, and biocontrol.

Garden

Garden: enclosed ground cultivated for fruit, flowers, or vegetables. Covers domestic, botanic, community, and rain gardens; key facts include 1,775 botanic gardens in 148 countries and over 728,000 hectares of British gardens.

Garri

Garri (gari) is a fermented, gelatinized dry coarse flour made from grated, pressed, and roasted cassava, a staple convenience food in Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, and Togo, eaten as eba or soaked, with sour flavor distinguishing it from Brazilian farinha.

Generation mean analysis

Generation mean analysis is a quantitative genetics method that estimates additive, dominance, and epistatic gene effects from the means of generations derived from a cross of two inbred lines.

Germination test

A germination test is a laboratory procedure measuring the percentage of seeds in a lot that produce normal seedlings under controlled conditions of moisture, temperature, and light.

Gertrude Jekyll

Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932), British horticulturist, garden designer, and writer; designed or advised on 400+ gardens, wrote 1,000+ articles, first woman to win the RHS Victoria Medal of Honour (1897), lived at Munstead Wood with Lutyens.

Gifford Pinchot

Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946), first chief of the U.S. Forest Service under Theodore Roosevelt, founder of the Yale Forest School and Society of American Foresters, twice governor of Pennsylvania, and champion of utilitarian conservation, dismissed by Taft after the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.

Girdling

Girdling is the removal of a ring of bark around a tree trunk or branch, cutting off sugars to the roots; it increases fruit size and can kill standing trees.

Grafting

Grafting joins a scion and rootstock so two plants grow as one; ancient technique (5th century BCE) used for fruit trees and vegetables to add disease resistance, stress tolerance, and yield stability.

Grain entrapment

Grain entrapment, or grain engulfment, is suffocation hazard in bins and silos when flowing, bridged, or collapsing grain buries a worker; kills nearly two dozen people yearly in the U.S., regulated by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.272.

Granary

Granary: a grain storehouse, from Latin granaria; covers farm bins, silos, warehouses, and hermetic bags. Safe storage requires low moisture (below about 12%), cool temperatures, and protection from insects, rodents, birds, and water.

Grape and wine harvest festivals

Grape and wine harvest festivals celebrate the grape harvest with rituals such as a public first pressing and offering the first must to a patron saint.

Grape seed oil

Grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera seed oil) is an edible oil from winemaking pomace seeds, 6-20% oil content, about 90% unsaturated fatty acids dominated by 65-75% linoleic acid, used in cooking, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Grapevine downy mildew

Grapevine downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a destructive grape disease from North America that reached Europe around 1878; oil-spot lesions, oospore overwintering, copper and single-site fungicides, and resistance management define its control.

Grapevine powdery mildew

Grapevine powdery mildew is a fungal disease of grapevines caused by Erysiphe necator, one of the most widespread and damaging grape diseases worldwide since reaching Europe in 1845.

Green manure

Green manure: crops grown to be tilled into soil while green to add organic matter and nitrogen, especially legumes like clover and vetch; ancient practice, revived as a fertilizer-saving, leaching-reducing alternative.

Green Revolution

Green Revolution: mid-20th-century spread of high-yielding dwarf wheat and rice varieties with fertilizers and irrigation, led by Norman Borlaug and CIMMYT, transforming food production in Mexico, India, and Pakistan.

Green Revolution in India

Green Revolution in India: 1960s transformation of agriculture via HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation, launched 1965 under M.S. Swaminathan with Borlaug's wheats, centered on Punjab and Haryana, achieving food self-sufficiency with environmental costs.