72,234 articles
Histopathology
Histopathology, or histopathological examination, is the branch of pathology that diagnoses disease by examining stained tissue samples under a microscope, the gold standard for cancer, inflammation, and infection.
Histoplasma
Histoplasma, notably Histoplasma capsulatum, is a thermally dimorphic soil fungus causing histoplasmosis, concentrated in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys; inhaled microconidia convert to yeast at 37 °C, with antigen testing guiding diagnosis.
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is a pneumonia acquired by inhaling spores from soil enriched with bird or bat droppings; endemic in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, treated with amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii
African histoplasmosis, infection by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii (H. duboisii), endemic to central and western Africa; causes skin, bone, and lymph node lesions with large 6-12 µm yeasts, unlike pulmonary classical histoplasmosis.
Historical classifications of Heterobranchia
Historical classifications of Heterobranchia are the superseded schemes, from Gray's 1840 grouping through Milne Edwards's 1848 trichotomy, that divided gastropods into Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata until molecular studies overturned them.
Historical Eclecticism
Historical Eclecticism (Eclectic medicine), 19th-century American medical sect founded by Wooster Beach from Thomsonianism; used indigenous plants, specific medication, Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute; ended after Flexner Report.
Historical subfamily and tribe arrangements in spider classification
Historical subfamily and tribe arrangements in spider classification documents superseded subfamily and tribe schemes, including the cribellate split, Nephilinae's rank changes, and Maddison's 2015 Salticidae revision.
Historical synonymy in bivalve nomenclature
Historical synonymy in bivalve nomenclature covers obsolete and invalid names applied to bivalve molluscs, and the rules, including priority and prevailing use, that decide which name is valid.
Historical Tissue Therapy
Historical tissue therapy (MeSH D014023) is the superseded practice of transplanting refrigerated tissue after Filatov and injecting fresh or preserved cells after Niehans, based on the theory of biogenic stimulators formed in chilled tissues.
History and classification of congenital disorders of glycosylation
Congenital disorders of glycosylation, first described by Jaak Jaeken in 1980 as CDGS, were renamed at a 1999 workshop and have grown to about 200 inherited disorders.
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (HPLS) is a peer-reviewed quarterly on historical, philosophical, and societal studies of the life sciences; founded 1979 in Florence by Mirko Grmek, now published by Springer, Impact Factor 1.6 (2023).
History and research directions of rheumatoid arthritis
The history of rheumatoid arthritis spans two centuries since its 1800 description, from gold salts to biologics, with research now focused on prediction, prevention, and precision medicine.
History of abortion
History of abortion: from Egyptian papyri (Kahun, Ebers) and the Hippocratic Oath, through medieval criminalization and the 1803 British and 1821 US bans, to Roe v. Wade, its 2022 reversal, and WHO safe-abortion guidance.
History of agriculture
History of agriculture: the independent development of plant cultivation and animal husbandry in perhaps 20 world regions from about 12,000 years ago, covering the Fertile Crescent, Yangtze rice, Indus Valley dating, Africa, and the Green Revolution.
History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent
History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent: from Mehrgarh's early farming (revised to 5200-4900 BCE), Indus irrigated surplus agriculture, Mughal dahsala revenue, colonial famines, to the 1960s Green Revolution in Punjab.
History of agriculture in the United States
History of agriculture in the United States: from Indigenous farming by 5000 B.C. and colonial tobacco through USDA, land-grant colleges, the New Deal, and a productivity revolution that cut farms from 6.8 million (1935) to 1.88 million (2024).
History of aspirin
History of aspirin: from ancient willow-bark remedies and Edward Stone's 1763 report, through Gerhardt's 1853 synthesis and Bayer's 1899 Aspirin trademark, to Vane's 1971 COX mechanism and modern antiplatelet use.
History of biochemistry
History of biochemistry: from Lavoisier's respiration studies and the Pasteur–Liebig vitalism dispute, through Buchner's 1897 zymase and cell-free fermentation, to 20th-century vitamins, coenzymes, the genetic code, molecular biology, and systems-level metabolomics.
History of biology
History of biology: the development of the life sciences from ancient natural history through microscopy, cell theory, Darwinian evolution, genetics, molecular biology, and modern biotechnology, including the 1943 fluctuation test and 1990s genetic engineering.
History of biotechnology
History of biotechnology: humanity's use of living organisms for products, from Sumerian beer (6000 BC) and 1917 naming of the term to 1982 recombinant insulin, 1983 transgenic petunia, 1990 chymosin, and CRISPR gene editing.
History of birth control
History of birth control, also called history of contraception: from Egyptian papyrus suppositories and silphium to condoms, the 1960 pill, IUDs, and sterilization; covers Comstock laws, Sanger and Stopes, fertility decline, and modern debates.
History of cancer
The history of cancer spans from its earliest written description in ancient Egypt around 3000 BCE to the modern understanding of cancer as a disease of cells and genes.
History of cannabis
History of cannabis (Cannabis sativa): Eurasian domestication for fiber, food, and medicine; earliest psychoactive use at Jirzankal Cemetery; O'Shaughnessy's 19th-century medical promotion; 1925 Geneva control, 1937 US Marijuana Tax Act, and modern legalization.
History of cataract surgery
History of cataract surgery: from ancient couching (Sushruta Samhita) through Jacques Daviel's 1747/1750 planned extraction, Sharp's 1753 ICCE, Kelman's 1967 phacoemulsification, IOLs, MSICS, and femtosecond laser surgery.
History of circumcision
History of circumcision: the foreskin-removal rite from ancient Egyptian puberty and marriage rituals, the Jewish covenant of Genesis 17, early Christian abandonment, spread with Islam, Victorian medicalization for masturbation prevention, and modern HIV-prevention programs.
History of condoms
History of condoms: barrier sheaths from linen and animal membrane (earliest surviving examples 1642-1646; Falloppio's 1564 linen sheath) through vulcanized rubber (1855), latex (1930s), wartime promotion, the AIDS-era resurgence, and the 1993 female condom.
History of evolutionary thought
History of evolutionary thought: from Lamarck's 1809 theory and Darwin-Wallace natural selection (1858-1859) through Mendelian genetics, the eclipse of Darwinism, the 1930s-40s modern synthesis, and the extended synthesis.
History of general anesthesia
History of general anesthesia: from pre-1846 speed surgery and Hanaoka's 1804 herbal anesthesia to Ether Day (October 16, 1846), the Morton–Wells–Jackson disputes, chloroform sudden death, and modern mortality under 1 in 250,000.
History of genetics
History of genetics: from Gregor Mendel's 1860s pea experiments and the 1900 rediscovery, through Morgan's chromosome theory, the 1953 DNA double helix, eugenics, and the Human Genome Project to CRISPR.
History of haloarchaeal taxonomy
The history of haloarchaeal taxonomy traces the classification of the salt-requiring archaea of the class Halobacteria from early names for fish-spoiling microbes to genome-based schemes dividing 76 genera into eight families.