72,234 articles
History of HIV/AIDS
History of HIV/AIDS: from SIVcpz transmission in Cameroon and the 1981 first CDC report of AIDS, through the 1983–84 virus discovery, AZT, HAART, PEPFAR, and PrEP, to 2025 treatment coverage and funding-crisis risks.
History of hospitals
History of hospitals: from Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek healing temples and Asclepeia, through Fabiola's 4th-century Roman hospital and Islamic bimaristans, to European voluntary hospitals and modern US institutions of science, insurance, and state funding.
History of life
History of life: the ~3.7-billion-year record of life on Earth, from 3.7 Ga carbon traces and stromatolites, through the Great Oxidation Event, Ediacaran biota, and Cambrian explosion, dated by fossils and molecular clocks.
History of lions in Europe
History of lions in Europe: Pleistocene cave lion (Panthera spelaea, also Panthera leo spelaea) and Holocene modern lion (Panthera leo); cave lion extinction ~14 kya, Holocene lions in the Balkans until ~2,000 years ago, Roman arena trade, medieval symbolism.
History of maize
The history of maize traces its single domestication from wild teosinte in Mexico's Balsas River valley about 9,000 years ago, its spread through the Americas, and its global rise after 1492.
History of malaria
History of malaria: ancient fevers described by Hippocrates and Celsus; cinchona bark and 1820 quinine isolation; Laveran's 1880 parasite and Ross's 1897 mosquito discovery; DDT, the 1955 eradication campaign, and today's 263 million annual cases.
History of medicine
History of medicine: the development of medical knowledge and institutions from Galen and Hippocrates through Islamic bimaristans, Renaissance anatomy, Paris hospital medicine, germ theory, anesthesia, vaccination, and modern public health.
History of mood disorders
The history of mood disorders covers how Western medicine explained and treated disordered mood, from ancient humoral melancholia to the operational categories of DSM-III in 1980.
History of onychophoran classification
The history of onychophoran classification traces velvet worms from a misidentified mollusk in 1826 to a phylum now treated as the sister group of arthropods.
History of oyster generic nomenclature
The history of oyster generic nomenclature covers two centuries of naming true oyster genera, beginning with Ostrea Linnaeus, 1758 and running through Crassostrea, Saccostrea, and Dendostrea.
History of penicillin
The history of penicillin runs from Alexander Fleming's 1928 discovery that a Penicillium mold killed bacteria, through Oxford's first clinical trials in 1941, to industrial production by 1945.
History of polio
History of polio: from ancient descriptions and 19th-century epidemics to Salk's 1955 IPV, Sabin's oral vaccine, the 1955 Cutter Incident, and the GPEI's post-1988 campaign that cut cases over 99%, leaving wild polio only in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
History of psychiatry
History of psychiatry: from ancient accounts of madness through asylums, Pinel and Tuke's moral treatment, the DSM's growth from 128 to 541 categories, deinstitutionalization, and the 1990 journal History of Psychiatry.
History of schistosomiasis
The history of schistosomiasis runs from disputed Egyptian papyrus references and calcified eggs in mummies to Theodor Bilharz's 1851 discovery of the worm in Cairo.
History of silk
History of silk: the story of sericulture from Neolithic China (Qianshanyang, 2750 BCE) through the Chinese monopoly, Silk Road trade, Byzantine and European silk industries, to today's China- and India-dominated raw silk production.
History of smallpox
History of smallpox (variola): a 3,000-year human disease killing about 3 in 10 infected, controlled by variolation, then Jenner's 1796 cowpox vaccine, and eradicated by WHO's intensified campaign, last natural case Somalia 1977, declared eradicated 1980.
History of spider species descriptions (1757–present)
The history of spider species descriptions records new spider species named since Carl Clerck's 1757 work, now over 1,000 per year, tracked by the World Spider Catalog.
History of surgery
History of surgery: operative care from Neolithic trepanation, Egyptian and Sushruta-era Indian surgery, Vesalius and Hunter, ether anaesthesia (1846), Lister's antisepsis (1865), transplantation, and today's laparoscopic and robotic surgery.
History of syphilis
History of syphilis: Treponema pallidum infection, first epidemic in Europe in 1495, named by Fracastoro in 1530; treated with mercury, Salvarsan, then penicillin (1943); includes the Tuskegee untreated-syphilis study (1932–1972) and modern resurgence.
History of the potato
History of the potato (Solanum tuberosum): Andean domestication ~10,000 years ago, sixteenth-century Spanish introduction to Europe, Chilean subspecies adoption, the Great Irish Famine, demographic effects, and modern genome-based breeding.
History of tuberculosis
History of tuberculosis, formerly consumption or phthisis: an ancient disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, identified by Robert Koch in 1882, treated by sanatoria, BCG (1921), and streptomycin (1943), now burdened by drug-resistant TB.
History of veterinary education
The history of veterinary education traces formal training of animal doctors from Claude Bourgelat's first veterinary school in Lyon in 1761 to today's accredited university degrees.
History of veterinary nursing and technology
The history of veterinary nursing and technology spans informal animal caretaking, the 1908 Canine Nurses Institute in England, and the first US veterinary technology program in 1961.
History of virology
History of virology: the scientific study of viruses, beginning with Ivanovsky (1892) and Beijerinck (1898) and tobacco mosaic virus, through phage discovery, tissue culture, electron microscopy, vaccines, and smallpox eradication (1980).
History of wheat
Wheat, first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000 years ago, gave rise to bread wheat by hybridization 8,500 to 9,000 years ago and became the world's most widely grown crop.
History of wolves in Yellowstone
History of wolves in Yellowstone: gray wolves present since 1872, exterminated by 1926 (136+ killed), reintroduced from Canada in 1995–1996 (31 wolves), now about 108 wolves; trophic cascade effects debated.
History of yellow fever
History of yellow fever: African virus carried to the Americas by the slave trade (first epidemic 1648 Yucatan), causing epidemics such as Philadelphia 1793; transmission proven by Walter Reed in 1900 and controlled by the 17D vaccine (Theiler, 1937).
Histotripsy
Histotripsy is a noninvasive ablation method that uses focused, high-intensity ultrasound pulses to mechanically fractionate targeted soft tissue without incisions, FDA-authorized for liver tumor destruction in October 2023.
Histrelin
Histrelin acetate (Supprelin LA, Vantas) is a GnRH agonist nonapeptide delivered as a once-yearly subcutaneous hydrogel implant, used for central precocious puberty and advanced prostate cancer.
Histrionic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder, formerly hysterical personality disorder, is a cluster B psychiatric condition marked by persistent attention-seeking, exaggerated emotions, and theatrical, self-dramatized behavior beginning by early adulthood.