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Hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia (hypercalcemia): elevated blood calcium, defined as >10.5 mg/dL or adjusted calcium ≥2.6 mmol/L. Mostly caused by primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy; treated with hydration, bisphosphonates, or denosumab.
Hypercalciuria
Hypercalciuria (ICD-11 MF98.0), excessive urinary calcium excretion from intestinal overabsorption, bone resorption, or renal tubular defects; the leading risk factor for calcium kidney stones, treated with thiazides, low-sodium diet, and normal calcium intake.
Hypercapnia
Hypercapnia (hypercarbia): elevated arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2 >45 mm Hg) from alveolar hypoventilation; causes include COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease; treated with NIV, controlled oxygen.
Hypercarnivore
Hypercarnivore: an animal getting over 70% of its nutrition from meat, also called an obligate carnivore; contrasted with mesocarnivores (50-70%) and hypocarnivores (<30%), with characteristic carnassial dental specialization and a macroevolutionary ratchet seen in fossil canids.
Hypercarotenaemia
Hypercarotenaemia (carotenemia, carotenodermia), ICD-10 E67.1 / ICD-11 5B90.1, is a benign elevation of blood β-carotene causing yellow-orange skin with spared sclerae, distinguished from jaundice; caused by dietary excess, metabolic disease, or BCO1 variants.
Hypercholesterolaemia
Hypercholesterolemia, also spelled hypercholesterolaemia, is the condition of abnormally high cholesterol in the blood and the most common form of dyslipidaemia, a major modifiable risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia, high blood cholesterol (elevated LDL-C/non-HDL-C), a dyslipidemia and direct cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; defined as LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL, treated with statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, inclisiran.
Hyperdontia
Hyperdontia (supernumerary teeth): a developmental dental anomaly with extra teeth beyond the normal 20 primary or 32 permanent. Prevalence 0.1–3.8% permanent dentition; mesiodens most common; linked to Gardner syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia.
Hyperelastic bone
Hyperelastic bone is a 3D-printable synthetic bone graft material, 90% hydroxyapatite and 10% biodegradable polymer, developed at Northwestern University, that is elastic, porous, and induces bone formation without growth factors.
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is the severe form of pregnancy nausea and vomiting, affecting 0.3–3.6% of pregnancies, driven by the placental hormone GDF15, causing weight loss and dehydration, and treated with antiemetics, rehydration, and thiamine.
Hyperemesis gravidarum with metabolic disturbance
Hyperemesis gravidarum with metabolic disturbance, ICD-11 JA60.1, is pregnancy vomiting unresponsive to diet and antiemetics, with electrolyte and acid-base imbalance requiring IV fluids, potassium, and thiamine.
Hyperfunction of pituitary gland
Hyperfunction of pituitary gland (ICD-11 5A60): excessive pituitary hormone production, mostly from hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas, causing acromegaly, gigantism, hyperprolactinaemia, and related syndromes treated by surgery, drugs, and radiation.
Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood that defines diabetes mellitus and, when severe, can cause diabetic ketoacidosis.
Hyperglycemic hormone
Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), also called hyperglycemic hormone, is a 72-78 amino acid eyestalk neuropeptide of decapod crustaceans that raises hemolymph glucose; it names the CHH family including MIH, VIH, MOIH, and insect ITPs.
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism-cataract syndrome
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism-cataract syndrome (Lubinsky syndrome, ORPHA:2410, OMIM 240950) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive endocrine disease combining adolescent-onset cataracts with primary gonadal failure; only about three cases are recorded worldwide.
Hypergraphia
Hypergraphia: compulsive, extensive writing, classically an interictal feature of temporal lobe epilepsy (Geschwind syndrome, with hyperreligiosity and hyposexuality); also seen in mania and right temporal lobe degeneration.
Hyperhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis, also known as excessive sweating, is a condition in which a person sweats more than needed for cooling, either all over or in localized areas.
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated blood total homocysteine above 15 µmol/L, affects about 5% of people; caused by folate, B12, or B6 deficiency and MTHFR variants, and B-vitamin lowering does not prevent myocardial infarction or death.
Hypericaceae
Hypericaceae, the St. John's wort family (Hypericaceae Juss., 1789), is a Malpighiales family of herbs and shrubs with gland-dotted leaves; its dominant genus Hypericum holds 521 species, and sister family is Podostemaceae.
Hypericum
Hypericum (St. John's worts), genus of Hypericaceae with about 500 yellow-flowered species of herbs and shrubs, cosmopolitan mainly in temperate regions; includes medicinal H. perforatum and invasive weeds.
Hypericum perforatum
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort, Klamath weed) is a perennial Hypericaceae herb native from Europe to China and NW Africa, used for mild to moderate depression; extracts show efficacy near standard antidepressants but induce CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, causing major drug interactions.
Hyperinsulinemia
Hyperinsulinemia is an increased concentration of insulin in the blood, most often a compensatory response to insulin resistance, and is linked to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Hyperinsulinism due to short chain 3-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
SCHAD deficiency (HADH-related hyperinsulinism, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia familial 4) is a rare autosomal recessive diazoxide-responsive congenital hyperinsulinism causing leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia without hyperammonemia, via loss of SCHAD's inhibition of GDH.
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome
Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia (HI/HA, GDH-HI) syndrome: a dominant GLUD1 gain-of-function disorder causing leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia, chronic hyperammonemia, epilepsy, and diazoxide-responsive congenital hyperinsulinism.
Hyperintensity
Hyperintensity: MRI term for tissue brighter than a comparison structure on a given sequence; covers T1/T2/FLAIR signal causes, white matter hyperintensities, and clinical significance.
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperkalaemia (hyperkalemia), elevated blood potassium above 5.5 mmol/l, caused by kidney disease, RAAS-inhibiting drugs, or excess intake; severe cases cause ECG changes, arrhythmia, and need calcium, insulin-glucose, salbutamol, dialysis, or binders.
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia is abnormally high blood potassium, usually from impaired kidney excretion or drugs; defined as K+ ≥ 5.5 mmol/L (UKKA), graded mild to severe, treated with IV calcium, insulin-glucose, binders like SZC and patiromer, or dialysis.
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (Gamstorp disease, HyperPP) is a rare autosomal dominant SCN4A sodium channelopathy causing childhood-onset attacks of flaccid weakness with raised serum potassium, treated with carbohydrates, salbutamol, and diuretics.
Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratosis: thickening of the skin's stratum corneum from excess keratin or poor shedding; covers corns, calluses, keratosis pilaris, ichthyoses, psoriasis, actinic keratosis, and skin cancers.
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans (Flegel disease, HLP, OMIM 144150) is a rare keratinization disorder with red-brown 1–5 mm scaly papules on the feet and lower legs, linked to SPTLC1 variants, lacking standard treatment.