72,234 articles
Mithridatism
Mithridatism, also called mithridatization, is self-administering gradually increased doses of a poison to gain tolerance, named after Mithridates VI of Pontus; no scientific evidence supports its success, though drug tolerance is real.
Mitiglinide
Mitiglinide (Glufast, GLUBES with voglibose) is a rapid-acting glinide insulin secretagogue for type 2 diabetes, developed by Kissei, marketed in Japan since 2004, acting via SUR1/KATP channel closure.
Mitinori Saitou
Mitinori Saitou (斎藤 通紀) is a Japanese developmental biologist and physician at Kyoto University known for reconstituting the origin of eggs and sperm from stem cells in culture.
MITO 26 trial
MITO 26 (NCT02993705) is a phase II Italian trial of trabectedin in advanced ovarian or uterine carcinosarcoma; 45 patients, ORR 11.9% below the 18.6% threshold, median PFS 2.01 months.
MITO25 trial
MITO25 (NCT03462212, MITO 25.1) is an Italian open-label phase 1-2 randomized trial testing rucaparib with or without bevacizumab as first-line maintenance in advanced high-grade ovarian cancer, assigned by HRD status, with PFS as the primary endpoint.
MITO29 trial
MITO29 (NCT03467178, EudraCT 2017-004099-71) is a randomized phase II trial of decitabine plus carboplatin versus physician's choice chemotherapy in recurrent, platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, sponsored by Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, with 119 planned participants and progression-free survival as the primary endpoint.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane eukaryotic organelles that generate ATP via cristae-folded inner membranes, carry their own ~16 kb genome, descend from alphaproteobacteria by endosymbiosis, and remodel through fission, fusion, and mitophagy.
Mitochondria associated membranes
Mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs, MERCs), ER–mitochondria contact sites 10–50 nm apart tethered by IP3R–GRP75–VDAC1 and mitofusins, mediating calcium transfer, lipid exchange, autophagy, and disease-linked signaling.
Mitochondria fission 1 protein
Mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS1, Fis1p) is a tail-anchored outer mitochondrial membrane protein with TPR domains, discovered in yeast as a Dnm1 recruiter and in mammals one of four Drp1 adaptors, with roles in fission, mitophagy, and apoptosis.
Mitochondria fission protein Fis1, cytosolic domain
Fis1 cytosolic domain: the ~15 kDa soluble TPR-like six-helix bundle of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (FIS1), a tail-anchored outer membrane protein; binds adaptors Mdv1/Caf4 in yeast, Drp1 recruitment contested in mammals, Cys41 redox dimerization.
Mitochondria-associated ER membrane
Mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM, MERC): ER–mitochondria contact site where membranes are tethered 10–50 nm apart without fusing, mediating calcium transfer via VDAC1–GRP75–IP3R, phospholipid synthesis, fission, and neurodegenerative disease links.
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (mt-aaRSs) are nucleus-encoded enzymes imported into mitochondria, where they attach the correct amino acid to each mitochondrial tRNA; all 19 human genes are linked to disease.
Mitochondrial antioxidant systems
Mitochondrial antioxidant systems are the enzymes and cofactors inside mitochondria that convert superoxide, produced mainly at respiratory complexes I and III, into water before it damages DNA, proteins, and lipids.
Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel
The mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), first identified in 1991, is an inner mitochondrial membrane channel controlling potassium influx according to ATP availability and linked to cardioprotection.
Mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor
Mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor, formally ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (ATPIF1), is a protein that blocks ATP synthase from consuming ATP when oxygen is scarce, identified in 1963.
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase their mitochondrial content, building new mitochondria through coordinated expression of two genomes and driven by demands such as exercise.
Mitochondrial biogenesis regulation protein 1
Mitochondrial biogenesis regulation protein 1 (Mbr1p, MBR1, YKL093W) is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial protein involved in aerobic respiration and stress response; overexpression suppresses hap2/hap3/hap4 mutant growth defects, with paralog ISF1.
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter
Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU, mtCU): Ca2+-selective ion channel of the inner mitochondrial membrane; DXXE selectivity filter, MICU1/2 gatekeeping, EMRE core subunit; inhibited by Ru360 and Ru265.
Mitochondrial carrier
Mitochondrial carriers, the SLC25A family, are transport proteins that move metabolites across the inner mitochondrial membrane; with 53 human members, it is the largest human solute transporter family.
Mitochondrial citrate transport protein
Mitochondrial citrate transport protein, SLC25A1/CIC/CTP, the only known human mitochondrial citrate exporter, exchanging matrix citrate for cytosolic malate; gene at 22q11.2, linked to 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, cancer, and NASH.
Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial disease: genetic disorders of mitochondrial energy production caused by mtDNA or nDNA variants, affecting about 1 in 4,300 to 1 in 5,000 people; first FDA-approved therapies, elamipretide and doxecitine-doxribtimine, arrived in 2025.
Mitochondrial division protein 1
Mitochondrial division protein 1 (Mdv1, MDV1, UniProt P47025) is a 714-aa budding yeast fission adaptor bridging Fis1 and Dnm1; its paralog Caf4 is partially redundant but not equivalent, and no mammalian ortholog exists.
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): the ~16,569 bp circular, maternally inherited multicopy genome of mitochondria; 37 genes, a variant genetic code, a germline bottleneck, and links to MELAS, LHON, and MERRF disease.
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome
Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome is a group of inherited disorders in which cells contain too few copies of mitochondrial DNA, caused by autosomal recessive variants in nuclear genes.
Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome
Mitochondrial DNA-associated Leigh syndrome spectrum (mtDNA-LSS, maternally inherited Leigh syndrome, MILS): Leigh syndrome caused by mtDNA variants, most often m.8993T>G/C in MT-ATP6, with heteroplasmy-driven severity and supportive care only.
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is a mitochondrial disease in which defective respiratory-chain energy production causes both nervous-system and skeletal-muscle disease, covering the classic syndromes MELAS, MERRF, Kearns-Sayre, NARP, and MNGIE.
Mitochondrial Eve
Mitochondrial Eve is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans, defined by maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA, estimated from the 1987 Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson Nature study to have lived roughly 100,000-200,000 years ago, probably in Africa.
Mitochondrial fission
Mitochondrial fission, division of a mitochondrion into daughters, is driven by the Drp1/DNM1L GTPase with OMM receptors Mff, MiD49/51 and Fis1 at ER contact sites; distinct from fusion and from Drp1-independent fission pathways.
Mitochondrial fusion
Mitochondrial fusion, the merging of two mitochondria via MFN1/MFN2 (outer membrane) and OPA1 (inner membrane) GTPases, enables content mixing, mtDNA maintenance, quality control, and is disrupted in optic atrophy and CMT2A.
Mitochondrial Genes
Mitochondrial genes are genes on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the maternally inherited, non-recombining, fast-mutating genome of mitochondria; in humans they encode 13 OXPHOS subunits, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs.