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Mitochondrial ROS in stem-cell ageing
Mitochondrial ROS in stem-cell aging describes how reactive oxygen species from mitochondria act as dose-dependent signals controlling stem-cell fate, and how mitochondrial dysfunction drives stem-cell exhaustion with age.
Mitochondrial ROS production
Mitochondrial ROS production is the partial reduction of oxygen to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide at defined sites in the mitochondrial inner membrane, chiefly respiratory complexes I and III.
Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency
Mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase 1 deficiency (ECHS1D, Crotonase deficiency): rare autosomal recessive ECHS1 disorder of valine catabolism causing neonatal or infantile encephalopathy, dystonia, basal ganglia lesions, and lactic acidosis; neonatal onset predicts mortality.
Mitochondrial shuttle
Mitochondrial shuttle: enzyme and carrier systems, chiefly the malate–aspartate shuttle (Borst cycle) and glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, that move cytosolic NADH reducing equivalents across the NADH-impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane, yielding 2.5 versus 1.5 ATP per NADH.
Mitochondrial targeting sequences and signals
Mitochondrial targeting sequences are amino acid segments within nuclear-encoded proteins that direct them to mitochondria and route them to one of at least five import routes.
Mitochondrial transcription factor Mtf1
Mtf1 (Mtf1p), the MTF1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the single ~40 kDa initiation factor required by mitochondrial RNA polymerase Rpo41 for promoter-specific transcription; homologous to human TFB2M, distinct from metal-responsive MTF-1.
Mitochondrial transcription machinery
Mitochondrial transcription machinery: POLRMT (mtRNAP), a T7-related single-subunit RNA polymerase, with TFAM and TFB2M initiating, TEFM elongating, MTERF1 terminating; also primes mtDNA replication.
Mitochondrial transfer RNA genes
The mitochondrial transfer RNA genes are the 22 tRNA genes in human mitochondrial DNA, which supply the complete adapter set for translating the 13 mitochondrial proteins.
Mitochondrial translation
Mitochondrial translation: protein synthesis by 55S mitoribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix, producing the 13 mtDNA-encoded OXPHOS inner membrane proteins via MTIF, TUFM, GFM1, MTRF1L factors.
Mitochondrial translation factors
Mitochondrial translation factors are the soluble proteins that drive protein synthesis inside mammalian mitochondria: initiation factors MTIF2 and MTIF3, elongation factors, and release and recycling factors acting on mitoribosomes.
Mitochondrial transplantation
Mitochondrial transplantation is an experimental regenerative therapy that delivers intact mitochondria into damaged cells or organs to restore energy metabolism, first applied in pediatric heart failure patients in 2017.
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency, also called TFP deficiency, is a rare inherited disorder that prevents the body from turning long-chain fatty acids into energy during fasting.
Mitochondrial tRNA modification
Mitochondrial tRNA modification: chemical alteration of the 22 mtDNA-encoded mitochondrial tRNAs by enzymes such as TRMT10C, NSUN3, GTPBP3/MTO1, and MTU1, stabilizing degenerated mt-tRNA structures and decoding; loss causes MELAS, MERRF, and Leigh syndrome.
Mitochondrial Uncoupling
Mitochondrial uncoupling, also called proton leak, dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient as heat instead of ATP, mediated by UCP1 in brown fat, ANT, and PM20D1-derived lipidated amino acids.
Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt)
UPRmt (mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mtUPR): conserved mitochondria-to-nucleus stress signaling triggered by misfolded mitochondrial proteins; first described in mammals in 2002; raises chaperone and protease expression via HSF1, ATF5, ESR1, and FOXO3 axes.
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, ERK1/2
ERK1/2 (MAPK3/MAPK1) are the terminal kinases of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK pathway, activated by TEY-loop phosphorylation, phosphorylating hundreds of substrates; dysregulated in about 40% of cancers and targeted by inhibitors such as ulixertinib.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK, JNK, and p38, are conserved serine/threonine kinases in three-tier MAPKKK-MAPKK-MAPK cascades that transmit growth, stress, and cytokine signals and are dysregulated in cancer and inflammation.
Mitoguazone
Mitoguazone, also known as methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) or MGBG, is an experimental anticancer drug that inhibits polyamine synthesis and has reached phase 3 trials but is not FDA approved.
Mitolactol
Mitolactol (dibromodulcitol, DBD, NSC-104800, brands Elobromol and Mitolac) is a synthetic hexitol-derived alkylating antineoplastic that inhibits DNA synthesis via epoxide groups; studied in breast, cervical cancer, and melanoma, with myelosuppression and leukemogenesis as key risks.
Mitomycin C
Mitomycin C (MMC, NSC 26980) is an antitumor antibiotic activated by quinone reduction into a DNA-cross-linking bis-electrophile; FDA-approved 1974 for cancers and widely used off-label as an antiscarring agent in glaucoma trabeculectomy surgery.
Mitophagy
Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria by lysosomes, a quality-control mechanism conserved from yeast to humans whose PINK1–Parkin pathway is linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease.
Mitophagy decline in ageing
Mitophagy decline in aging is the age-related reduction of the selective autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria; the decline is tissue-selective, and interventions include urolithin A, NAD+ boosters, and exercise.
MITOR trial
MITOR trial (NCT04999696), Minimally Invasive Therapy Versus Open Radical Hysterectomy, a Chang Gung Memorial Hospital randomized trial of 820 women with early-stage cervical cancer comparing laparoscopic and abdominal radical hysterectomy on disease-free and overall survival, proposed by APAGE after the LACC trial.
Mitosis
Mitosis: eukaryotic nuclear division producing two genetically identical daughter nuclei, staged as prophase through telophase, driven by the microtubule spindle and kinetochores, and safeguarded by the spindle assembly checkpoint; named by Walther Flemming from Greek mitos.
Mitotane
Mitotane (o,p′-DDD), sold as Lysodren, is an adrenolytic drug related to the insecticide DDT, approved in 1970 and still the only FDA- and EMA-approved drug for adrenocortical carcinoma.
Mitotic Index
The mitotic index (MI) is the ratio of cells undergoing mitosis to total cells in a population, reported as a percentage and used as a prognostic marker in tumor grading.
Mitotic motor proteins
Mitotic motor proteins are microtubule-based ATPases that generate the forces for spindle assembly and chromosome movement during cell division, with kinesin-5, CENP-E, chromokinesins, and dynein as the main actors.
Mitotic Progression Regulator
Mitotic Progression Regulator (IPR052945) is an InterPro protein family integrating PANTHER PTHR43628, with Sel1-like and TPR-like repeats, annotating regulators of the G2/M mitotic transition such as fission yeast Nif1, plus bacterial matches like MotX.
Mitotic Prophase
Mitotic prophase is the first stage of M phase in mitosis, when duplicated chromosomes condense, the nucleolus disappears, spindle assembly begins, and it ends with nuclear envelope breakdown.
Mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone, sold as Novantrone, is a synthetic anthracenedione drug given intravenously for acute myeloid leukemia, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, and worsening multiple sclerosis, approved by the FDA from 1987.