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Phenibut (Фенибут)
Phenibut (Фенибут, fenibut, PhGABA, β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid) is a Russian-developed 1960s GABA_B agonist anxiolytic, not FDA-approved in the US, sold online as a nootropic, with dependence, overdose, and severe withdrawal risks.
Phenicarbazide
Phenicarbazide (1-phenylsemicarbazide, anilinourea, Kryogenin), C7H9N3O, CAS 103-03-7: a phenylhydrazine urea derivative, former INN drug (withdrawn), IARC Group 3, GHS harmful/irritant, found in Heimia plants.
Phenindione
Phenindione is an oral anticoagulant of the indandione class that acts as a vitamin K antagonist, similar to warfarin but now rarely used because of hypersensitivity reactions.
Pheniramine
Pheniramine (pheniramine maleate, Avil) is a first-generation alkylamine H1 antihistamine, FDA approved in 1948, used for allergy, hay fever, colds, motion sickness, and allergic conjunctivitis eye drops; largely supplanted by second-generation antihistamines.
Phenmedipham
Phenmedipham (Betanal, Betamax) is a selective post-emergence carbamate herbicide, HRAC Group 5 photosystem II inhibitor, developed by Schering AG, introduced 1967, used mainly in sugar beet weed control, EU approval extended to 30 September 2027.
Phenobarbital
Phenobarbital (phenobarbitone, Luminal) is a long-acting barbiturate antiseizure medicine synthesized in 1911, found effective against epilepsy by Hauptmann in 1912, on the WHO essential medicines list since 1977, and a CYP450 enzyme inducer.
Phenol hydroxylase
Phenol hydroxylase (phenol 2-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.13.7) is a flavoprotein or multicomponent enzyme that hydroxylates phenol to catechol, the first, rate-limiting step of aerobic microbial phenol degradation used in bioremediation.
Phenol-chloroform extraction
Phenol-chloroform extraction is a liquid-liquid method separating nucleic acids from proteins between an organic phenol-chloroform phase and an aqueous phase, long used for DNA and RNA purification.
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein (C20H14O4, CAS 77-09-8) is an acid-base indicator, colorless below pH 8.2 and pink above, synthesized by Baeyer in 1871; formerly a top-selling laxative, withdrawn in 1999 and classified IARC Group 2B.
Phenothrin
Phenothrin (Sumithrin, d-phenothrin) is a Type I synthetic pyrethroid insecticide discovered by Sumitomo Chemical around 1968-1969, used as a household insecticide, pediculicide, mosquito adulticide, and scabies treatment, not registered for agriculture in Japan.
Phenotype
A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism, such as height, eye color, or blood type, shaped by its genotype and environment.
Phenotype mapping
Phenotype mapping is a family of genetics methods, including QTL mapping and GWAS, that associates observable traits with genomic loci, yielding statistical evidence for regions influencing a trait.
Phenotypic clustering
Phenotypic clustering is a computational method that groups cells, mutants, or perturbations by measured phenotypic features such as morphology or fitness, revealing subpopulations and shared functional profiles.
Phenotypic plasticity
Phenotypic plasticity: a genotype producing different phenotypes under different environments, described by reaction norms (Woltereck 1909), spanning polyphenism, adaptive and nonadaptive responses, genetic assimilation, and climate change roles.
Phenotypic screening
Phenotypic screening is a drug discovery method that tests compounds in cells or organisms for observable changes in a disease-relevant phenotype rather than against a pre-specified molecular target.
Phenotypic trait
Phenotypic trait: an observable characteristic of an organism, part of its overall phenotype, determined by genotype and environment. Coined with phenotype by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909; heritability h² quantifies genetic contribution to trait variation.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or penicillin V, is an acid-stable, narrow-spectrum oral β-lactam antibiotic developed at Lilly from phenoxyacetic acid and made oral by Brandl at Biochemie in 1952; used for streptococcal and respiratory infections.
Phenoxypropazine
Phenoxypropazine (fenoxypropazine, Drazine) is a hydrazine-class, non-selective irreversible MAOI antidepressant marketed by Smith & Nephew from 1961 and withdrawn in 1966 for hepatotoxicity.
Phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon, sold in Germany as Marcumar since 1953, is a long-acting coumarin oral anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase and is used to prevent and treat thrombosis and embolism.
Phensuximide
Phensuximide (Milontin), also called N-methyl-2-phenylsuccinimide, is a succinimide anticonvulsant developed by Parke-Davis in the 1950s for absence (petit mal) seizures; weakly effective, rarely used, and no longer sold in the US.
Phentermine
Phentermine, also known as Adipex-P, is a Schedule IV sympathomimetic amine appetite suppressant approved by the FDA in 1959 for short-term obesity treatment; combined with topiramate (Qsymia) it is among the most effective weight-loss drugs.
Phenthoate
Phenthoate (Cidial, Elsan, OMS 1075), CAS 2597-03-7, is an organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide for citrus and rice that inhibits cholinesterase; its acute toxicity rises sharply with trimethyl phosphate impurities, and it is not EU-approved.
Phenyl aminosalicylate
Phenyl aminosalicylate (fenamisal, CAS 133-11-9) is the phenyl ester prodrug of para-aminosalicylic acid, a tuberculostatic antituberculosis drug marketed from 1959 as Pheny-Pas-Tebamin and later discontinued.
Phenylacetylglutamine
Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), C13H16N2O4, is a gut-microbiota-derived metabolite formed when bacteria convert dietary phenylalanine to phenylacetic acid, conjugated with glutamine in human liver; a uremic toxin linked to cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and senescence.
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24), a homotetrameric MIO-dependent lyase deaminating L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia; found in plants, fungi, yeasts, and bacteria but not animals; basis of pegvaliase PKU therapy.
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism is the pathway by which phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine and degraded to fumarate and acetoacetate; its best-known disorder is phenylketonuria.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH, EC 1.14.16.1), also phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase: a non-heme iron, BH4-dependent homotetrameric enzyme converting phenylalanine to tyrosine; its deficiency causes phenylketonuria.
Phenylalanine metabolism
Phenylalanine metabolism: human disposal of the essential amino acid L-phenylalanine, mainly via PAH and BH4 hydroxylation to tyrosine in liver and kidney; alternative transamination to phenylpyruvate underlies phenylketonuria.
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase
Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), EC 6.1.1.20, a class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charging tRNA^Phe with phenylalanine; exists as bacterial and cytosolic (αβ)2 heterotetramers and a monomeric mitochondrial form; edits mischarged Tyr-tRNA^Phe in its β-subunit B3/B4 domain.
Phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone (bute, PBZ), a pyrazolidine NSAID synthesized in 1948 and withdrawn from human medicine by the 1980s for blood dyscrasias, remains a leading equine analgesic but is banned in food-producing animals.