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CASP7
CASP7 (caspase 7; MCH3, ICE-LAP3) is the human chromosome 10q25.3 gene encoding the executioner caspase-7, cleaved by caspases 3 and 10, with substrate specificity distinct from caspase-3.
Caspar Peucer
Caspar Peucer (1525–1602) was a German physician, astronomer, and university administrator at Wittenberg, son-in-law of Philip Melanchthon, who served Elector August of Saxony and was imprisoned twelve years in the Crypto-Calvinist persecution of 1574.
Caspase
Caspases are cysteine-dependent, aspartate-directed proteases regulating apoptosis, pyroptosis, inflammation, and non-death roles like stem cell maintenance; thirteen human members, zymogen-activated, targeted by inhibitors with limited clinical success.
Caspase 3
Caspase-3 (CASP3) is the principal executioner caspase of mammalian apoptosis, activated by caspase-8 and caspase-9, cleaving DFF45, PARP, and ROCK1; also has non-apoptotic and tumor-promoting roles.
Caspase 8
Caspase-8 (CASP8, FLICE, MACH, Mch5) is an initiator cysteine protease of death-receptor apoptosis, activated at the DISC, with IETD specificity, and roles in necroptosis, inflammasomes, and inflammatory disease.
Caspase inhibitors
Caspase inhibitors are endogenous and artificial molecules that restrain caspases, enzymes executing apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine maturation, spanning IAP proteins, viral pseudosubstrates, and synthetic drugs.
Caspase-9
Caspase-9 (CASP9) is the initiator caspase of the intrinsic, mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, activated by dimerization on the Apaf-1/cytochrome c apoptosome to cleave effector caspases; also activated apoptosome-independently by caspase-8 and engineered as the iCasp9 suicide switch in CAR T therapy.
Caspase-activated DNase
Caspase-activated DNase (CAD, DFF40): apoptotic endonuclease identified by Nagata's group in 1998, released from its inhibitor-chaperone ICAD by caspase-3 to cut linker DNA; also drives inflammation and antiviral defense.
Caspian tiger
Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), or Turan tiger, an extinct Central Asian tiger population, last killed in Turkey in 1970; genetically near-identical to the Amur tiger, now being restored in Kazakhstan via Amur tiger releases since 2026.
Casque-headed tree frog
Casque-headed tree frogs (tribe Lophyohylini, Hylidae) are Neotropical hylids with hyperossified, helmet-like skulls used in phragmosis and venom delivery via head spines; about 93 species in 10 genera, reclassified by the 2021 Blotto phylogeny.
CASR
CASR (calcium sensing receptor gene, 3q13.33-q21.1) encodes CaSR, a family C GPCR dimer sensing extracellular calcium, Mg2+, and amino acids; it suppresses PTH secretion, and mutations cause FHH, NSHPT, and autosomal dominant hypocalcemia.
Cass Review
Cass Review: independent NHS England review of children's gender identity services led by Hilary Cass; interim 2022, final April 2024; found weak evidence, ended routine puberty blockers, reshaped UK policy.
Cassava
Cassava (Manihot esculenta, yuca, manioc, tapioca) is a drought-tolerant Euphorbiaceae root crop from the Americas feeding ~800 million people; cyanogenic roots need processing; major diseases CMD and CBSD; used for starch and bioethanol.
Cassava mealybug biological control programme
Cassava mealybug biological control programme: Africa-wide IITA classical biological control campaign against Phenacoccus manihoti using the parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi, later extended to Thailand, Greater Mekong Subregion, and India, with benefit-cost ratios of about 200-740.
Cassava poisoning
Cassava poisoning: cyanide intoxication from the cyanogenic glucosides linamarin and lotaustralin in insufficiently processed bitter cassava, causing acute poisoning and the paralytic disease konzo in sub-Saharan Africa.
Cassey Ho
Cassey Ho is an American fitness entrepreneur, creator of the Blogilates YouTube channel (2009) and POP Pilates, and founder of the Popflex and Target-exclusive Blogilates activewear brands; known for the 2015 Perfect Body video and bootstrapped eight-figure businesses.
Cassia fistula
Cassia fistula, the golden shower tree or amaltas, is a Fabaceae tree native to India and Sri Lanka with yellow pendulous blooms and long black pods used as a laxative; Thailand's national flower.
Cassiduloida
Cassiduloida (lamp urchins) is an order of irregular sea urchins, mostly extinct since the Mesozoic; paraphyletic as traditionally defined, with cassidulids and echinolampadids sister to sand dollars and only a handful of living species.
Cassiope
Cassiope is a genus of about 18 species of dwarf evergreen shrubs in the heath family, known as mountain heathers and native to cool Northern Hemisphere regions.
Cassiopea xamachana
Cassiopea xamachana, the upside-down jellyfish (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae), is a benthic mangrove jellyfish from the West Indies to Florida that requires Symbiodinium symbionts to strobilate and releases stinging cassiosomes in mucus.
Cassowary
Cassowary (Casuarius), flightless ratite bird of New Guinea and Australian rainforests; three species including the southern cassowary, a keystone seed disperser up to 76 kg with a dagger claw, listed Endangered in Australia.
Castanea
Castanea (chestnut), genus of Fagaceae trees and shrubs with up to 14 species across Asia, Europe, and North America; includes sweet chestnut (C. sativa) and blight-devastated American chestnut (C. dentata).
Castanea mollissima
Castanea mollissima (板栗), Chinese chestnut, a Fagaceae tree native to China and Korea grown for edible nuts; blight-resistant donor species used in American chestnut restoration breeding, cultivated in China for at least 2,000 years.
Castanea pumila
Castanea pumila, chinquapin or Allegheny chinquapin, is a rhizomatous North American shrub or small tree in Fagaceae with one sweet nut per spiny bur, moderately resistant to chestnut blight.
Castanea sativa
Castanea sativa, sweet or European chestnut, is the only European Castanea species, a large deciduous nut and timber tree native from the Balkans to northern Iran, threatened by chestnut blight and ink disease.
Castanopsis
Castanopsis (chinquapin, chinkapin) is a genus of about 110-145 species of evergreen Fagaceae trees native to tropical and subtropical Asia, sister to Castanea, with spiny cupules enclosing edible nuts and valuable timber.
Casterlorum
Casterlorum, type species Casterlorum crispum, a form genus of Ordovician fossil land plants from Douglas Dam, Tennessee, interpreted as the geologically oldest known hornwort, about 460 Ma.
Castianeira
Castianeira (Keyserling, 1879), ant-mimicking corinnid spider genus in Castianeirinae, type species C. rubicunda; 123 accepted species, pantropical except Australia; jerky gait, leg-waving myrmecomorphy; sensu stricto restricted to four species by 2025/2026 Zootaxa revision.
Castleman disease
Castleman disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder with unicentric and multicentric forms, driven partly by IL-6 and HHV-8, treated by surgery or siltuximab.
Castoreum
Castoreum: secretion of beaver castor sacs used in scent marking and, as hot-alcohol extract (FEMA 2261), a GRAS food flavoring and perfume fixative, used in food since 1920.