72,234 articles
Cephalometry
Cephalometry is a diagnostic imaging method measuring distances and angles between landmarks on standardized head radiographs, used in orthodontics since 1931 for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Cephalophus
Cephalophus is a genus of African forest duikers, small to medium antelopes of the family Bovidae, most of which live in the tropical rainforests of sub-Saharan Africa.
Cephalopod
Cephalopoda, the cephalopods: marine mollusks including octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. Defined by head-surrounding arms, large brains, jet propulsion, blue copper-based blood, and a 500-million-year fossil record with about 800 living species.
Cephalopod anatomy
Cephalopod anatomy is the study of the body plan of squid, cuttlefish, octopuses, and nautiluses, whose bodies center on two eyes, a muscular mantle, a funnel, and arms surrounding the mouth.
Cephalopod attack
Cephalopod attack: physical assaults by squids, octopuses, and cuttlefishes on humans or other animals. Giant squid attacks are myth; documented cases are giant Pacific octopus grabs on divers and venomous blue-ringed octopus bites.
Cephalopod beak
Cephalopod beak: paired chitinous jaws (upper and lower mandibles) of octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish. Resists digestion for months, is species-specific, and is the main tool for identifying cephalopod prey and estimating their size from predator stomachs.
Cephalopod circulatory and respiratory systems
Cephalopods such as octopuses and squid have a closed circulatory system with three hearts pumping copper-based hemocyanin blood through the gills, carrying far less oxygen than fish blood.
Cephalopod digestive system
The cephalopod digestive system is the U-shaped gut of octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautilus, from buccal mass to anus, with the esophagus passing through the brain.
Cephalopod egg fossil
Cephalopod egg fossils: rare fossilized eggs and egg cases of cephalopods, studied mainly via embryonic shells (ammonitella, protoconch), ovoviviparous Sinzovia clusters, and argonaut eggcases.
Cephalopod eye
Cephalopod eye: the camera-type eye of octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish, convergent with the vertebrate eye but skin-derived, with an everted rhabdomeric retina, no blind spot, one opsin, and polarization sensitivity.
Cephalopod fin
Cephalopod fin: paired lateral muscular appendages of squids, cuttlefish, cirrate octopuses, and the vampire squid; muscular hydrostats used for low-speed swimming, turning, and hovering alongside jet propulsion.
Cephalopod ink
Cephalopod ink, also called squid ink, is a dark defensive secretion released by squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses as a smokescreen, decoy, or chemical deterrent against predators.
Cephalopod intelligence
Cephalopod intelligence: learning, memory, and flexible problem solving in octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid (coleoids), the most cognitively advanced invertebrates, with about 500 million neurons, convergent vertebrate-like cognition, and recognized sentience under UK welfare law.
Cephalopod limb
Cephalopod limbs are the muscular, sucker-bearing appendages surrounding the mouth of cephalopod mollusks, comprising the eight arms all living groups share and the specialized prey-catching tentacles of squids and cuttlefish.
Cephalopod nervous system
The cephalopod nervous system is the neuron arrangement in octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish, built around a ring-shaped brain, with two-thirds of an octopus's 500 million neurons in its arms.
Cephalopod size
Cephalopod size spans squid as small as 2.5 cm to the giant squid, verified at 12 m, and the 490 kg colossal squid, the heaviest invertebrate.
Cephalopod skin
Cephalopod skin is the outer covering of octopuses, cuttlefishes, and squids, whose neurally controlled chromatophores, iridophores, and muscular papillae rapidly change color and three-dimensional texture.
Cephalopods as food
Cephalopods as food is the human use of octopus, squid, and cuttlefish as seafood: about 30 of 800 species, nearly all wild-caught, eaten mainly in Japan, Spain, and Italy.
Cephalopods in captivity
Cephalopods in captivity are octopuses, cuttlefish, and squid kept in public aquaria and research laboratories, where their short lives, escapes, and fragile skin make housing demanding.
Cephalops
Cephalops (Fallén, 1810), type species C. aeneus, a cosmopolitan genus of big-headed flies (Pipunculidae) with 178 valid species in 4 subgenera; endoparasitoid larvae attack planthopper and leafhopper nymphs.
Cephalorhynchus
Cephalorhynchus, piebald dolphins, a genus of four small Southern Hemisphere coastal dolphins: Commerson's, Chilean, Heaviside's, and Hector's dolphins, blunt-headed with large dorsal fins, NBHF cryptic echolocation, and proposed expansion to six species in 2025.
Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Cephalorhynchus commersonii, Commerson's dolphin, a small black-and-white coastal dolphin of southern South America and the Kerguelen Islands; 1.2–1.75 m, 35–86 kg, IUCN Least Concern (2017), threatened mainly by gillnet bycatch.
Cephalosporin
Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics derived from Cephalosporium acremonium, discovered by Brotzu in Sardinia in 1945; grouped into five generations by spectrum, from cefazolin to ceftaroline and the siderophore cefiderocol.
Cephalotaxus
Cephalotaxus (plum yews, 三尖杉属) is a genus of East Asian evergreen conifers, sole genus of Cephalotaxaceae, sister to Taxaceae; source of cephalotaxine alkaloids used in leukemia therapy, with several IUCN-threatened species.
Cephalotaxus fortunei
Cephalotaxus fortunei, Chinese plum yew (三尖杉), a dioecious conifer of Taxaceae from central-southern China and N Myanmar; source of antitumor Cephalotaxus alkaloids, IUCN Least Concern, introduced by Robert Fortune ca. 1849.
Cephalotaxus harringtonii
Cephalotaxus harringtonii (Japanese plum yew, Inugaya; often spelled C. harringtonia) is an East Asian evergreen conifer shrub, shade- and heat-tolerant, deer resistant, dioecious, with plum-like seeds and cephalotaxine alkaloids used in tumor therapy research.
Cephalotus
Cephalotus, the Australian or Albany pitcher plant (Cephalotus follicularis), is the sole species of Cephalotaceae, a carnivorous pitfall-trap plant endemic to southwest Western Australia, IUCN Vulnerable, with a 2017 genome revealing convergent co-option of digestive enzymes.
Cephapirin
Cephapirin (cefapirin, Cefadyl) is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, similar to cephalothin, approved in the US in 1974; no human products remain approved, and it is now used only as an intramammary mastitis treatment (ToDAY, ToMORROW) in dairy cattle.
Cepheid (company)
Cepheid, a Sunnyvale, California molecular diagnostics company founded in 1996 and acquired by Danaher in 2016 for about $4 billion, makes the GeneXpert cartridge-based PCR system and Xpert tests, with WHO-recommended TB and HIV use.
Cephradine
Cephradine, also spelled cefradine, is a first-generation cephalosporin β-lactam antibiotic given orally or by injection against respiratory, urinary, bone, and skin infections, marketed as Velosef.