72,234 articles
Chemical senses
Chemical senses: olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and trigeminal chemesthesis, the sensory systems detecting airborne, ingested, and irritant chemicals, their receptors, brain integration into flavor, and clinical dysfunction.
Chemical sympathectomy
Chemical sympathectomy is the percutaneous destruction of sympathetic nerves with alcohol or phenol, relieving ischemic and neuropathic pain, vasospastic disease, and excessive sweating, though relief is temporary.
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapse: junction where a neuron releases neurotransmitter across a synaptic cleft to receptors on a postsynaptic cell; slower (1–10 ms) but more modifiable than electrical synapses; term coined by Sherrington, chemical transmission proven by Loewi and Dale (Nobel 1936).
Chemical–biological upcycling of plastics
Chemical–biological upcycling of plastics, also called hybrid or tandem chemo-biological upcycling, combines a chemical depolymerization step with microbial fermentation to turn waste plastics into bioplastics, building blocks, and fuels.
Chemiluminescence assay
A chemiluminescence assay is a biochemical method that detects biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids by measuring light from a chemical reaction, used in Western blots and clinical immunoassays.
Chemiluminescence imaging
Chemiluminescence imaging is a bench-biology detection technique that visualizes proteins and nucleic acids on blots by capturing light from an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, with enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) largely replacing radioactive detection.
Chemiluminescent assay
A chemiluminescent assay is a laboratory method that measures hormones, antibodies, or tumor markers through light emitted by a chemical reaction, first reported in 1978.
Chemiluminescent immunoassay
Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is a laboratory diagnostic method that detects antigens or antibodies using a light-emitting label; first reported in 1985, it displaced radioimmunoassay and is fully automated.
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis driven by ion movement down an electrochemical gradient across a membrane. Proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961 (Nobel Prize 1978); the proton motive force powers the rotary ATP synthase in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria.
Chemistry of ascorbic acid
Chemistry of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6): a water-soluble lactone acid, pKa 4.17, readily oxidized via ascorbate radical to dehydroascorbic acid; isolated as hexuronic acid by Szent-Györgyi, structure solved and synthesized by Haworth (1937 Nobel).
Chemo-photodynamic therapy
Chemo-photodynamic therapy, or chemophototherapy, is a combination cancer treatment pairing chemotherapy with photodynamic therapy, where light activates a photosensitizer to kill tumor cells synergistically; the interaction was first demonstrated in 1983.
Chemogenetics
Chemogenetics is a technique that controls cell signaling or neuronal activity in living tissue using engineered receptors activated by inert small molecules, most widely adopted as DREADDs.
Chemohormonal therapy
Chemohormonal therapy is a cancer treatment combining chemotherapy with hormonal therapy, principally six cycles of docetaxel added to androgen deprivation therapy, which prolongs survival in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.
Chemokine
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are ~70–80-aa cell-migration signals in CC, CXC, CX3C, and XC subfamilies; ~50 human ligands bind ~20 GPCR receptors, with homeostatic and inflammatory roles, ACKR decoys, and HIV/malaria relevance.
Chemoprevention trial
A chemoprevention trial is a clinical trial testing whether a drug, vitamin, or other agent can prevent or delay cancer in at-risk people or survivors.
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis is the administration of a drug to prevent disease rather than treat it, taken before or after exposure, as in malaria prophylaxis for travelers and isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis.
Chemoradiotherapy
Chemoradiotherapy, or chemoradiation therapy, is a cancer treatment in which chemotherapy drugs are given during the same period as radiation therapy, improving survival in head and neck, lung, cervical, and other cancers.
Chemoreceptor
Chemoreceptors are sensory cells detecting chemical changes such as O2, CO2, and pH. Respiratory chemoreceptors include carotid/aortic bodies (peripheral) and brainstem RTN (central), interdependent in controlling ventilation.
Chemoreceptor cell
A chemoreceptor cell is a cell that detects chemicals, such as those behind taste and smell or blood oxygen and carbon dioxide, and signals the nervous system.
Chemosensitivity assay
A chemosensitivity assay, also called chemosensitivity testing, is a laboratory method measuring how cultured tumor cells respond to chemotherapy drugs, used to guide individualized treatment and drug development.
Chemosis
Chemosis (conjunctival chemosis) is edema and ballooning of the conjunctiva, usually from infection, allergy, injury, or eyelid surgery such as blepharoplasty; treated by addressing the cause, with cold packs, lubrication, and medications.
Chemosphere
Chemosphere (ISSN 0045-6535) is an Elsevier environmental science journal founded in 1972 by Pergamon Press, covering environmental chemistry, toxicology, and remediation; MEDLINE-indexed since 1994, it was delisted from Web of Science in December 2024 after mass retractions.
Chemostat
Chemostat: continuous-culture bioreactor invented independently by Monod and by Novick and Szilard (1950, Science). Fresh limiting medium flows in at dilution rate D = F/V, spent medium leaves at the same rate, fixing growth rate at steady state; washout occurs near maximum growth rate.
Chemosynthesis
Chemosynthesis is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon using chemical energy rather than light, practiced by bacteria and archaea that oxidize hydrogen sulfide, methane, or hydrogen.
Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the directed movement of a cell or organism toward or away from a chemical gradient, found from bacteria to leukocytes, and best understood in E. coli.
Chemotaxis assay
A chemotaxis assay is a laboratory method measuring cell migration toward or away from a chemical gradient, most commonly with the Boyden chamber introduced in 1962.
Chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR, N-terminal
CheR N-terminal domain: the small helical N-terminal domain of the bacterial chemotaxis receptor methyltransferase CheR, whose positively charged helix alpha2 (Lys46, Arg53) recognizes the negatively charged methylation region of chemoreceptors.
Chemotaxonomy
Chemotaxonomy, or chemosystematics, is the classification and identification of organisms, initially plants, by biochemical composition, using secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids as markers.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy, often called chemo, is a cancer treatment in which drugs kill malignant cells or stop them from dividing, given by mouth, injection, infusion, or topical cream.
Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion
Chemotherapy, cancer, regional perfusion (MeSH D010478): cancer drug therapy via an extracorporeal circuit isolating the tumor-bearing area, chiefly isolated limb perfusion with melphalan and TNFα for extremity melanoma and sarcoma, delivering 10-20 times systemic doses.