72,234 articles
Chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, gPAPP type
Chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, gPAPP type (gPAPP deficiency, OMIM 614078) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia caused by BPNT2/IMPAD1 mutations on 8q12, marked by prenatal short stature, congenital joint dislocations, cleft palate, and brachydactyly.
Chondrodysplasia-difference of sex development syndrome
Chondrodysplasia-difference of sex development syndrome, or Nivelon-Nivelon-Mabille syndrome (OMIM 600092), is an extremely rare autosomal recessive HHAT-related disorder combining 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis with severe chondrodysplastic dwarfism, first described in 1992 in two siblings.
Chondrogenesis
Chondrogenesis is the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes forming cartilage, driven by SOX9 and Runx2 signaling, central to endochondral bone formation and cartilage tissue engineering.
Chondroitin proteoglycan 3
Chondroitin proteoglycan 3 (CSPG3) is the alternative name of human neurocan, the NCAN-encoded secreted brain chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that binds hyaluronic acid and neural cell adhesion molecules; separately, CPG-3 is a C. elegans chondroitin core protein.
Chondroitin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan and major cartilage component, is sold with glucosamine for osteoarthritis; trials show small, inconsistent pain benefit, possible slowing of joint space narrowing, good safety, and conflicting guidelines.
Chondromalacia
Chondromalacia, or chondromalacia patellae, is softening of articular cartilage, especially under the kneecap, causing anterior knee pain; graded by the Outerbridge scale and distinct from patellofemoral pain syndrome.
Chondromalacia patellae
Chondromalacia patellae, softening and fraying of kneecap cartilage, synonym of patellofemoral pain and runner's knee; MRI sensitivity 66%, grade not tied to symptoms, treated with hip and knee strengthening.
Chondromyxoid fibroma
Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare benign cartilaginous bone tumor first described by Jaffe and Lichtenstein in 1948, arising mainly in the long-bone metaphyses of young adults, marked by GRM1 rearrangements and treated by curettage or resection.
Chondropathies
Chondropathies are diseases of cartilage; ICD-11 category FB82 covering chondromalacia, osteochondritis dissecans, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, and relapsing polychondritis, graded by the Outerbridge system.
Chondroplasty
Chondroplasty is an arthroscopic surgical procedure that smooths damaged joint cartilage to relieve pain and improve function; it is palliative and does not restore cartilage.
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma, a malignant cartilage-forming bone tumor group (about 1 per 200,000 yearly in the US), includes conventional, dedifferentiated, mesenchymal, and clear cell subtypes; surgery is the mainstay, with survival from 88% to 7% at 5 years depending on grade and subtype.
Chondrosarcoma-associated gene protein
Chondrosarcoma-associated gene 2/3 protein (CSAG2/CSAG3, UniProt Q9Y5P2), also Cancer/testis antigen 24.2 or TRAG-3, a 127-aa human drug-resistance protein linked to chemotherapy-resistant and neoplastic phenotypes.
Chondrostoma nasus
Chondrostoma nasus, the common nase (Nase, paduc, podust), is a European cyprinid river fish grazing benthic algae; Near Threatened (IUCN 2023), gravel-spawning and migratory, introduced in France and Italy.
Chondrus crispus
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss, carrageen moss) is a North Atlantic red alga, original source of carrageenan (E 407), a κ/λ mixture; edible, medicinal since centuries, harvested near 50,000 t in 1974, genome sequenced 2013.
Chonetes
Chonetes (Fischer de Waldheim, 1830) is an extinct genus of small chonetid brachiopods, Late Ordovician to Middle Jurassic, with a straight hinge, hollow ventral spines, and many species later reassigned to Neochonetes, Fusichonetes, and other genera.
Chongqing Medical University
Chongqing Medical University (重庆医科大学, CQMU) is a public medical university in Chongqing, China, founded in 1956 by faculty from Shanghai First Medical College and known for its 14 affiliated hospitals and High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound therapy system.
Chonkers
Chonkers is a viral 2,000-pound Steller sea lion, also called a chonker, that stayed at San Francisco's Pier 39 from March 13 to early May 2026, drawing crowds, national coverage, and an official Marine Mammal Center plushie.
CHOP (chemotherapy)
CHOP is a combination chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, used mainly to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma; with rituximab added, R-CHOP cures about 70% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases.
CHOP regimen
The CHOP regimen combines cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with R-CHOP, its rituximab-added form, the standard frontline treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
CHOP trial
CHOP trial (SWOG-8516): 1986 phase III randomized trial comparing CHOP chemotherapy with m-BACOD, ProMACE-CytaBOM, and MACOP-B in 899 eligible patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; no survival advantage for intensive regimens. Distinct from Ro-CHOP and the EU Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP).
Chorda tympani
Chorda tympani: branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) crossing the middle ear between malleus and incus, joining the lingual nerve; carries anterior two-thirds tongue taste and parasympathetic fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands.
Chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae, also called heart strings or tendinous cords, are collagen cords anchoring the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets to the ventricular papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during contraction; rupture causes regurgitation and is repaired with ePTFE sutures.
Chordate
Chordate (phylum Chordata): animal with a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail at some life stage. Three groups: vertebrates, tunicates (closest vertebrate relatives), cephalochordates; deuterostomes.
Chordeiles
Chordeiles is a New World genus of nightjars (Caprimulgidae) called nighthawks, established by Swainson in 1832; best-known species is the Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), a crepuscular aerial insectivore migrating 4,000-11,000 km to South America.
Chordin
Chordin is a secreted protein that antagonizes BMP signaling by binding BMP ligands outside cells, identified in 1994 in the frog Xenopus laevis as a dorsalizing factor.
Chordodes formosanus
Chordodes formosanus, a horsehair worm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) described in 2011 from Taiwan and Japan, parasitizes Hierodula mantids; distinguished from C. japonensis by female crowned-areole filaments and COI distance 0.16840.
Chordoid glioma
Chordoid glioma, also called chordoid glioma of the third ventricle, is a rare WHO grade 2 astrocytic brain tumor of the anterior third ventricle, defined by the PRKCA D463H mutation and GFAP/TTF-1 co-expression, treated mainly by resection.
Chordoma
Chordoma, or notochordal sarcoma, is a rare malignant bone cancer of the skull base, spine, and sacrum arising from notochord remnants, marked by brachyury/TBXT expression, treated with surgery plus proton radiotherapy, with about 1 case per million yearly.
Chorea
Chorea, also known as chorea sancti viti, is a disorder of involuntary, rapid, irregular movements; Huntington's disease is the leading hereditary cause and Sydenham's chorea the leading childhood cause.
Choreiform disorders
Choreiform disorders (ICD-11 8A01) are movement disorders defined by chorea, abrupt irregular nonrepetitive involuntary movements. Causes include Huntington disease, Sydenham chorea, drugs, vascular, autoimmune, and metabolic conditions.