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Cholera epidemic in the Balkan Wars
The cholera epidemic in the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 spread through the armies and civilians of the Balkans, prompting the first large-scale use of cholera vaccination in Greece.
Cholestasis
Cholestasis, also known as biliary stasis, is the reduction or stoppage of bile flow, occurring within or outside the liver and causing jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, and itching.
Cholestasis-lymphedema syndrome
Cholestasis-lymphedema syndrome (Aagenaes syndrome, LCS1, OMIM 214900) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of neonatal cholestasis and lower-limb lymphedema, caused by a UNC45A 5'-UTR founder variant, concentrated in southern Norway.
Cholestatic pruritus
Cholestatic pruritus, also called cholestatic itch, is severe non-histaminergic itching in cholestatic liver disease such as PBC, PSC, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; treated stepwise with cholestyramine, rifampicin, opioid antagonists, sertraline, and IBAT inhibitors.
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma: a benign keratin cyst of the middle ear and mastoid that erodes bone. Also called pearly tumor; treated surgically by canal wall up or down mastoidectomy, with 39% cumulative recurrence at 15 years.
Cholesteatoma of external auditory canal
External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC), also called canal cholesteatoma, is a rare keratin-filled, bone-eroding ear canal lesion, distinguished from keratosis obturans by osteonecrosis and treated by debridement or surgery.
Cholesteatoma of middle ear
Middle ear cholesteatoma: benign but destructive keratin squamous epithelium cyst in the middle ear, also called acquired or congenital cholesteatoma, causing bone erosion, hearing loss, and treated by mastoidectomy surgery.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol: a 27-carbon waxy sterol in all cell membranes, precursor of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids; made by the body, carried by LDL and HDL, and central to atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1, EC 1.14.14.25) is a CNS-specific neuronal P450 enzyme converting cholesterol to 24S-hydroxycholesterol, the major brain cholesterol elimination pathway, targeted by efavirenz and soticlestat trials.
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the liver microsomal cytochrome P450 catalyzing the rate-limiting first step of classic bile acid synthesis, converting cholesterol to 7α-hydroxycholesterol; its deficiency in humans causes hypercholesterolemia and gallstones.
Cholesterol atheroembolism
Cholesterol atheroembolism, or cholesterol embolization syndrome, is a systemic disease in which cholesterol crystals from ruptured aortic plaques lodge in small arteries, causing ischemic and inflammatory multiorgan damage, classically blue toes, renal failure, and eosinophilia after vascular procedures or anticoagulation.
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Cholesterol biosynthesis: the ~30-step pathway from acetyl-CoA through mevalonate, squalene, and lanosterol to cholesterol, rate-limited by HMG-CoA reductase and regulated by SREBP-SCAP-INSIG feedback; the drug target of statins.
Cholesterol embolism
Cholesterol embolism (atheroembolism, cholesterol crystal embolization, blue toe syndrome): cholesterol crystals from ruptured atherosclerotic plaques occlude small arteries, damaging kidneys, skin, gut, brain, and eyes; mostly iatrogenic, biopsy-diagnosed, poor prognosis.
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, also called P450scc or cholesterol desmolase, is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first and rate-limiting step of steroid hormone synthesis.
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder
Cholesterolosis of gallbladder, also called strawberry gallbladder, is a benign accumulation of cholesterol esters in mucosal macrophages, found in 9-26% of surgical series, usually symptomless, not linked to gallbladder cancer.
Cholesteryl ester transfer
Cholesteryl ester transfer is the exchange of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between blood lipoproteins, carried out by CETP, which moves them from HDL to VLDL and LDL.
Cholic acid
Cholic acid is a primary bile acid synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, first isolated from ox bile in 1848 and marketed as the drug CHOLBAM.
Choline deficiency
Choline deficiency: inadequate intake of the essential nutrient choline, causing fatty liver, liver damage, and muscle damage; susceptibility varies by sex, PEMT genetics, pregnancy, and parenteral nutrition.
Choline hydrogen phosphonate
Choline hydrogen phosphonate (BCP1030F) is a salt of phosphonic acid, an EU fungicide active substance for grapevine downy mildew and sports turf fusarium patch, peer reviewed by EFSA in 2026 with no critical areas of concern.
Choline salicylate
Choline salicylate is a choline salt of salicylic acid, an NSAID used mainly as a topical oral gel for mouth ulcers, cold sores, and denture sore spots.
Cholinergic
Cholinergic: relating to acetylcholine, the first identified neurotransmitter. Covers cholinergic neurons, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, ChAT/VAChT/CHT-1 machinery, basal forebrain Ch1-Ch4 groups, and the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Cholinergic neuron
Cholinergic neurons are nerve cells that synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter; cell bodies are mainly located in the basal forebrain, brainstem, and striatum.
Cholinergic urticaria
Cholinergic urticaria (CholU, heat bumps) is a chronic inducible urticaria causing small itchy wheals when body temperature rises and sweating begins. Exercise triggers nearly 9 in 10 cases; antihistamines are first-line, omalizumab for refractory disease.
Cholsoon Jang
Cholsoon Jang is a biochemist and Associate Professor of Biological Chemistry at UC Irvine known for isotope-tracing studies of organ metabolism and for mapping metabolite exchange in cardiovascular disease.
Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fishes, includes sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali). Cartilage skeletons, Ordovician-scale fossil record, 1,188+ species, over one-third threatened by overfishing.
Chondrilla
Chondrilla is a genus of about 25-31 Asteraceae herbs native from the Canary Islands and North Africa to Mongolia and the Himalaya; its species C. juncea, rush skeletonweed, is a major apomictic invasive weed controlled biologically in Australia.
Chondrilla juncea
Chondrilla juncea, rush skeletonweed or skeleton weed, is an apomictic perennial Asteraceae native from Europe to Central Asia and an invasive wheat and rangeland weed in Australia and North America, spreading by seed and root buds.
Chondroblast
Chondroblast: a cartilage-producing mesenchymal progenitor cell that secretes avascular, GAG-rich matrix and matures into a chondrocyte or osteoblast; also the proliferating cell of chondroblastoma.
Chondrocyte
Chondrocyte, or cartilage cell, is the only cell type in cartilage: a skeletogenic cell embedded in an avascular, GAG-rich matrix that develops from the chondroblast; its hypertrophy drives bone growth but contributes to osteoarthritis.
Chondrodermatitis nodularis
Chondrodermatitis nodularis (CNH, Winkler disease, chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis) is a benign, painful inflammatory nodule of the ear's helix or antihelix, 4-6 mm, caused by pressure and poor blood supply, often mistaken for skin cancer.