72,234 articles
Chloroplast protein import component Toc34
Toc34 (TOC34, AT5G05000) is a chloroplast outer-envelope GTPase receptor that, with Toc159 and Toc75, forms the TOC core complex recognizing transit peptides and initiating preprotein import; regulated by phosphorylation at serine 113.
Chloroplastic group IIB intron splicing facilitator CRS2-like
Chloroplastic group IIB intron splicing facilitator CRS2-like (IPR048076): plant protein family homologous to maize CRS2, a peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase-derived, 23 kDa chloroplast stroma protein that splices nine subgroup IIB introns with CAF1 or CAF2.
Chloroprocaine
Chloroprocaine (2-chloroprocaine) is a short-acting ester local anesthetic of the PABA group, hydrolyzed by pseudocholinesterase within seconds, used for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia but not spinal injection.
Chloropropylate
Chloropropylate (CAS 5836-10-2), an organochlorine non-systemic contact acaricide and miticide for mites on apples and pears; discontinued in 1978, not EU-approved, default MRL 0.01 mg/kg.
Chloroquine
Chloroquine, a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial synthesized as Resochin in 1934, kills malaria parasites by blocking heme detoxification in the digestive vacuole; PfCRT-mediated resistance removed it from falciparum use, leaving vivax and sensitive-region treatment.
Chloroquine resistance transporter
The chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) is a membrane protein of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum; mutations in the pfcrt gene let it pump chloroquine out of the digestive vacuole, causing resistance.
Chlorosis
Chlorosis (plant yellowing) is the loss of chlorophyll in leaf tissue, most often from iron deficiency on alkaline soils above pH 6.5; also caused by manganese or zinc deficiency, poor drainage, herbicides, pathogens, and pests.
Chlorostilbon swainsonii
Chlorostilbon swainsonii, the Hispaniolan Emerald, now Riccordia swainsonii, is a hummingbird endemic to Hispaniola's mountain forests, 300-2500 m, one of three hummingbird species on the island, Least Concern.
Chlorotoluron
Chlorotoluron (chlortoluron), a phenylurea photosystem II-inhibiting herbicide introduced by Ciba in 1969 as Dicuran, used on winter cereals against black grass; EU-approved candidate for substitution, not marketed in the US.
Chlorotoxin
Chlorotoxin (CLTX, CTX), a 36-amino-acid 4 kDa peptide from Leiurus quinquestriatus scorpion venom, binds MMP-2 on glioma cells and underlies BLZ-100 tumor imaging, 131I-TM-601 radiotherapy, and CLTX-CAR T cell therapy.
Chlorotrianisene
Chlorotrianisene (Tace, CAS 569-57-3) is a synthetic non-steroidal triphenylethylene estrogen and prodrug, once used for menopausal symptoms, prostate cancer palliation, and lactation suppression; now discontinued and Prop 65 listed.
Chloroxuron
Chloroxuron (CAS 1982-47-4, Norex, Gesamoos) is an obsolete phenylurea herbicide, a photosystem II inhibitor first reported in 1961 by Ciba-Geigy and used against annual weeds in soybeans, onions, and strawberries; now banned or unapproved in the EU, UK, Australia, and 28 countries.
Chlorphenamine
Chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), brand Piriton, Chlor-Trimeton: a first-generation sedating H1 antihistamine alkylamine used for hay fever, hives, and allergy symptoms; FDA approved 1950.
Chlorphenesin carbamate
Chlorphenesin carbamate (Maolate, Rinlaxer; CAS 886-74-8) is the carbamate ester of chlorphenesin, a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant for painful muscle spasm, FDA-approved in 1965 and still used in veterinary medicine.
Chlorphenoxamine
Chlorphenoxamine (Phenoxene, Systral) is a first-generation H1-antihistamine and anticholinergic, a diphenhydramine congener used as an antipruritic and formerly for parkinsonism; CAS 77-38-3, ATC D04AA34.
Chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine (Pre-Sate, Desopimon, Avipron) is a chlorinated amphetamine-derived sympathomimetic formerly prescribed as an anorectic for obesity; withdrawn after causing phospholipidosis and pulmonary hypertension, it remains a DEA Schedule III substance.
Chlorphonium chloride
Chlorphonium chloride (phosfon, CBBP), tributyl(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)phosphonium chloride, CAS 115-78-6, is an obsolete quaternary phosphonium plant growth retardant for ornamentals; a systemic gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, rat oral LD50 178 mg/kg, not approved in the EU or GB.
Chlorproguanil
Chlorproguanil (Lapdap, with dapsone) is a biguanide antifolate antimalarial, a proguanil analog with an extra chlorine atom, developed at Liverpool as a cheap SP replacement and withdrawn in 2008 for G6PD-deficient hemolysis.
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine antipsychotic, the first effective medication for schizophrenia, synthesized at Rhône-Poulenc and introduced into psychiatry in Paris in 1952; it remains available as an inexpensive generic.
Chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide, formerly marketed as Diabinese, is a first-generation sulfonylurea introduced in 1960 for type 2 diabetes, distinguished by a roughly 36-hour half-life and also used for its antidiuretic effect in diabetes insipidus.
Chlorpropham
Chlorpropham (CIPC), isopropyl 3-chlorocarbanilate, CAS 101-21-3, is a carbamate herbicide and plant growth regulator introduced in 1951, long the dominant potato sprout suppressant via mitotic spindle inhibition; EU approval was not renewed in 2019, but it remains registered in the US, Canada, and Australia.
Chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene (Taractan, Truxal) is a low-potency first-generation thioxanthene antipsychotic first marketed in 1959 by Lundbeck, a sedative D2 antagonist with 5-HT2C, H1 and M3 affinity, still used in Europe.
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos (CAS 2921-88-2), an organophosphate insecticide sold as Dursban and Lorsban, acts via chlorpyrifos-oxon inhibition of acetylcholinesterase; EU approval not renewed 2020, US food uses cut to 11 crops by 2025.
Chlorpyrifos methyl
Chlorpyrifos-methyl (CAS 5598-13-0) is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide for crops and stored grain, the dimethyl analogue of chlorpyrifos; EU approval was not renewed in January 2020 after EFSA found safe exposure levels could not be set.
Chlorsulfuron
Chlorsulfuron (CAS 64902-72-3) is a DuPont sulfonylurea herbicide, synthesized 1976, commercialized 1981 as Glean for wheat; it inhibits ALS, blocking valine and isoleucine synthesis at gram-per-hectare rates.
Chlortalidone
Chlortalidone (chlorthalidone) is a long-acting thiazide-like diuretic for hypertension, U.S.-approved since 1960, half-life 40-60 hours, the ALLHAT comparator drug, with hypokalemia and metabolic side effects.
Chlorthal dimethyl
Chlorthal dimethyl (DCPA, Dacthal; dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate, CAS 1861-32-1) is a phthalate pre-emergent herbicide for annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, first registered in the USA in 1958 and banned in the EU (2009), USA and Australia (2024), and New Zealand (2025) over fetal thyroid, liver, and groundwater concerns.
Chlorthiamid
Chlorthiamid (2,6-dichlorothiobenzamide, CAS 1918-13-4, Prefix) is an obsolete Shell-introduced pre-emergence herbicide that degrades to dichlobenil and the groundwater contaminant BAM.
Chlorthiophos
Chlorthiophos (CAS 21923-23-9), an organophosphate insecticide, formerly used as a foliar insecticide; not approved in the EU, canceled in the US by 1996, WHO class Ib with rat oral LD50 7.8 mg/kg.
Chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone, formerly sold as Parafon Forte and Remular, is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant approved in the United States in 1958 for acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions.