Life and health

Chloralose

Chloralose (glucochloralose), a glucose-chloral condensation product; alpha isomer used as rodenticide, avicide, and laboratory animal anesthetic; CNS depressant with no antidote; not EU-approved as a pesticide.

Chloramben

Chloramben (Amiben, 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, CAS 133-90-4) is a preemergence benzoic acid herbicide inhibiting weed seedling root development; it dominated the 1960s soybean herbicide market before declining.

Oct 15, 2026

Chlorambucil

Chlorambucil, sold as Leukeran, is an oral nitrogen mustard alkylating agent approved in the United States in 1957, used mainly to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and malignant lymphomas.

Sep 29, 2026

Chlorambucil and obinutuzumab regimen

The chlorambucil and obinutuzumab regimen is a chemoimmunotherapy combination pairing oral chlorambucil with the anti-CD20 antibody obinutuzumab, approved in 2013 for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic from Streptomyces venezuelae, discovered 1947, that binds the 50S ribosome peptidyl transferase center; now rarely used because of aplastic anemia risk and IARC Group 2A classification.

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT, EC 2.3.1.28), encoded by cat genes, is the bacterial enzyme that detoxifies chloramphenicol by acetyl-CoA-dependent acetylation at C3, causing resistance; tetrameric, type A/B/C variants, and a selectable marker in plastid and chlamydial transformation.

Chlorantraniliprole

Chlorantraniliprole is an anthranilic diamide insecticide (IRAC Group 28), first registered in 2008 and sold as Coragen, Altacor, and Acelepryn; it kills chewing pests by activating the insect ryanodine receptor.

Chlorbenside

Chlorbenside is a synthetic organochlorine acaricide of the bridged diphenyl class, introduced in 1953 to control mite eggs and larvae on fruit trees, ornamentals, and nursery stock.

Chlorbromuron

Chlorbromuron (chlorobromuron, 氯溴隆, trade name Maloran), CAS 13360-45-7, is an obsolete phenylurea herbicide inhibiting photosystem II; not EU-approved, with a 0.01 mg/kg default MRL.

Chlorbufam

Chlorbufam (BIPC), CAS 1967-16-4, is an obsolete chiral carbamate (phenylcarbamate) herbicide, C11H10ClNO2, that inhibits photosynthesis; R-(+) is the more active enantiomer, and it is no longer approved in the EU, UK, or US.

Chlordane

Chlordane (CAS 12789-03-6) is a cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide mixture used from 1947 until its 1988 US ban, now a Stockholm Convention POP; persistent in soil (half-life up to 8 years), bioaccumulative, and classified IARC 2B/EPA B2.

Chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the first marketed benzodiazepine, synthesized by Leo Sternbach at Hoffmann-La Roche, FDA approved February 24, 1960; a long-acting Schedule IV anxiolytic with a 24–48 hour half-life, used for anxiety and alcohol withdrawal.

Chlorella

Chlorella (クロレラ), a genus of unicellular green microalgae described by Beijerinck in 1890 with type species Chlorella vulgaris; cultivated since the 1960s as a protein-rich health food, feed, and biorefinery biomass with a robust cell wall.

Chlorella protothecoides algal flour

Chlorella protothecoides algal flour (Whole Algal Flour, Auxenochlorella protothecoides strain S106) is a golden, 40-70% lipid powder from heterotrophic fermentation, GRAS per FDA GRN 469 (2013) as a cream, egg, and butter replacer.

Chlorella sorokiniana powder

Chlorella sorokiniana powder, including CK-22 Chlorella Powder and Micro Powder (GRN 986), is spray-dried whole-cell microalga biomass, about 60% protein, used at 5-10 mg/g in baked goods, pasta, and protein powders.

Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella vulgaris, type species of the green microalga genus Chlorella, described by Beijerinck in 1890; a photosynthesis model organism and commercial food supplement rich in protein, vitamins, and pigments.

Chloretazate

Chloretazate (ISO: karetazan) is an obsolete synthetic plant growth regulator and herbicide used on turf, first synthesised in the late 1970s and introduced in 1982; not approved in the EU under Regulation 1107/2009, with a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg.

Chlorethoxyfos

Chlorethoxyfos (Fortress), CAS 54593-83-8, is a restricted-use organophosphate soil insecticide applied at planting on US corn for rootworms and other soil pests; an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, WHO class IA, not EU-approved.

Chlorfenapyr

Chlorfenapyr (AC 303,630), a pyrrole pro-insecticide insecticide and acaricide activated to CL 303268, uncouples mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; developed from dioxapyrrolomycin, registered by EPA in 2001, used against agricultural pests, bed bugs, and malaria vectors.

Chlorfenprop

Chlorfenprop (chlorfenprop-methyl, CAS 14437-17-3 for the ester) is a selective wild-oat herbicide formerly used in cereals, notable for selectivity between Avena species; not approved in the EU under Regulation 1107/2009.

Chlorfenson

Chlorfenson (ovex, CAS 80-33-1), an obsolete organochlorine bridged diphenyl acaricide and miticide against spider mites; JMPR ADI 0-0.01 mg/kg bw; not approved in the EU under Regulation 1107/2009.

Chlorfenvinphos

Chlorfenvinphos (CAS 470-90-6), an organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide and direct acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; banned in the US (1991), Canada (1999), and EU (2006), still a veterinary ectoparasiticide in Australia.

Chlorfluazuron

Chlorfluazuron (CAS 71422-67-8), a benzoylphenyl urea insect growth regulator (IRAC group 15) inhibiting chitin synthesis, developed by ISK Japan, marketed 1988; used on crops and in 0.1% termite baits such as Exterra; not EU-approved.

Chlorflurenol

Chlorflurenol (chlorflurecol, IT 3456), a morphactin auxin transport inhibitor and herbicide, C14H9ClO3, introduced circa 1965, suppresses growth of turf, roadsides, and pineapple planting material; obsolete, not EU/UK approved.

Chlorhexidine

Chlorhexidine (Hibitane) is a cationic bisbiguanide antiseptic developed by ICI in the UK in the early 1950s, used for surgical skin preparation, catheter care, mouthwash, and umbilical cord antisepsis; most effective combined with alcohol.

Chlorhydrate of poly

Chlorhydrate of poly, the hydrochloride salt of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB, polihexanide), is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial fungicide listed in EU pesticide records and banned for plant protection use.

Chloridazon

Chloridazon (pyrazon, CAS 1698-60-8), a pyridazinone PSII-inhibitor herbicide introduced in 1962 for pre-emergence broadleaf weed control in sugar beet; EU approval expired 2018, and its persistent metabolites DPC and Me-DPC contaminate European groundwater.

Chloride channel

A chloride channel is a membrane protein that lets chloride ions pass across biological membranes down their electrochemical gradient, formed by several unrelated protein families including CLC, CFTR, and GABA receptors.

Chloride channel CLIC-like

Chloride intracellular channel (CLIC, CLIC-like) proteins, six vertebrate paralogs CLIC1-6 plus invertebrate homologs, are dimorphic GST-fold proteins existing in soluble and membrane forms, studied as putative intracellular anion channels and more recently as fusogens and cancer targets.