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Chlorimuron
Chlorimuron (chlorimuron-ethyl) is a sulfonylurea herbicide sold mainly as Classic, developed by DuPont and first registered in the United States in 1986 for soybeans and peanuts.
Chlorine gas poisoning
Chlorine gas poisoning: lung injury from inhaling Cl2, a heavier-than-air, water-soluble irritant gas that forms hydrochloric and hypochlorous acid in tissue. No antidote; supportive care. Civilian mortality about 0.6%; first used as a weapon at Ypres, 1915.
Chloris gayana
Chloris gayana, Rhodes grass, is a stoloniferous C4 perennial forage grass native to Africa, Macaronesia and Arabia, cultivated worldwide for pasture and hay, valued for drought and salt tolerance and erosion control.
Chlormephos
Chlormephos (chlormefos, chlormethylfos, MC 2188) is an organophosphorus soil insecticide, S-(chloromethyl) O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor introduced circa 1973, highly mammalian-toxic, now not approved in the US or EU.
Chlormequat
Chlormequat (chlormequat chloride, trade name Cycocel) is a quaternary ammonium plant growth regulator that inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis to reduce crop lodging; first U.S.-registered in 1962, with an ADI of 0-0.05 mg/kg bw and detected in 80% of tested U.S. urine samples.
Chlormerodrin
Chlormerodrin (Neohydrin, Mercloran) is an organomercury urea-derivative diuretic, withdrawn from use, whose 197Hg/203Hg-labeled forms were the first radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging.
Chlormezanone
Chlormezanone (Trancopal, CAS 80-77-3), a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic and central muscle relaxant marketed from 1960, was discontinued worldwide in 1996 after links to toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Chlorobenzilate
Chlorobenzilate (ethyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate, CAS 510-15-6), organochlorine acaricide introduced by Geigy in 1952 for mite control on citrus; canceled in the US, IARC Group 3, EPA B2 probable human carcinogen.
Chlorobi
Chlorobi (Chlorobiota), the green sulfur bacteria, are an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterial phylum with chlorosomes, Type I reaction centers, and rTCA carbon fixation; molecular clocks show their phototrophy postdates oxygen ~2.3 billion years ago.
Chlorocebus
Chlorocebus (vervet monkeys, green monkeys), Gray 1870, a genus of African savanna monkeys in tribe Cercopithecini; six to seven species across sub-Saharan Africa, disputed taxonomy, nine mtDNA clades, SIV research model.
Chlorocebus aethiops
Chlorocebus aethiops, the grivet monkey or African green monkey, is an Old World savanna monkey of Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti; a disputed six-species genus member, natural SIV host, and major biomedical model.
Chlorocebus cynosuros
Chlorocebus cynosuros, the malbrouck or malbrouck monkey, is an African green monkey (genus Chlorocebus) described by Scopoli in 1786, native to Angola, southern DR Congo, northern Namibia, and Zambia; IUCN Least Concern, CITES Appendix II.
Chlorocebus sabaeus
Chlorocebus sabaeus, the green monkey (Simia sabaea), is a West African Old World monkey from Senegal to the Volta River, introduced to Cape Verde and the Caribbean, a biomedical research primate and SIV host, IUCN Least Concern.
Chloroflexi
Chloroflexi (Chloroflexota), formerly green non-sulfur bacteria, is a deeply branching bacterial phylum named after Chloroflexus aurantiacus, spanning phototrophy, dehalogenation, and fermentation across hot springs, oceans, soils, and wastewater.
Chlorogenic acid
Chlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-CQA), an ester of caffeic and quinic acid (C16H18O9), is the main phenolic of coffee beans (6-12% dry weight), made via the phenylpropanoid pathway with HQT, with limited, variable human bioavailability.
Chloroneb
Chloroneb (1,4-dichloro-2,5-dimethoxybenzene, CAS 2675-77-6) is a systemic chlorinated aromatic fungicide used as a seed treatment on cotton, beans, soybeans, and sugar beets and on turf; not EU-approved.
Chloroperoxidase
Chloroperoxidase (CPO, EC 1.11.1.10), a heme-thiolate enzyme from the fungus Caldariomyces fumago, discovered by Hager in 1959; oxidizes chloride, bromide, and iodide but not fluoride, and catalyzes peroxidase, catalase, and P450-type reactions.
Chlorophacinone
Chlorophacinone (CAS 3691-35-8) is a first-generation indandione anticoagulant rodenticide, a VKOR inhibitor requiring multiple feedings, used against rats, mice, prairie dogs, and other rodents, with known secondary-poisoning risk to scavengers.
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll: green photosynthetic pigment family named by Pelletier and Caventou (1817/1818); magnesium tetrapyrrole; forms a-f plus bacteriochlorophylls; drives light harvesting in photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a (Chl a), C55H72MgN4O5, is the primary green pigment of oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, and the ocean-color proxy measured by satellites to estimate phytoplankton biomass.
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging
Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging is an imaging technique that maps chlorophyll fluorescence parameters across leaves, whole plants, or canopies to assess photosynthetic performance, revealing heterogeneity and detecting stress responses.
Chlorophylline
Chlorophylline, also confused with chlorophyllin (sodium copper chlorophyllin), is an EU-listed pesticide active substance, EU ID 542, fungicide category, not approved, no CAS number, subject to the default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg under Regulation 396/2005.
Chlorophyllum molybdites
Chlorophyllum molybdites, the green-spored parasol or false parasol (vomiter), is a poisonous Agaricaceae lawn mushroom, the most common cause of mushroom poisoning in the United States, identified by its green spore print and gills.
Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta, the chlorophyte green algae, is one of two main green plant clades (with Streptophyta), diverging over 1 billion years ago; marine, freshwater, and terrestrial algae with chlorophyll a and b, prasinophyte origins, and core classes Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Trebouxiophyceae.
Chlorophytum comosum
Chlorophytum comosum, the spider plant (also ribbon plant, spider ivy), is an African Asparagaceae perennial houseplant known for arching leaves and plantlets on hanging flower stems, with cultivars like 'Variegatum' and studied indoor air phytoremediation.
Chloropidae
Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies or eye gnats, is a worldwide family of small flies with over 3000 species, including cereal pests like the frit fly.
Chloroplast
Chloroplast: the photosynthetic organelle of plant and algal cells, with thylakoid membranes, grana, and stroma; descended from a cyanobacterial endosymbiont, carries its own DNA, and fixes CO2 via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle.
Chloroplast DNA
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, plastome): the circular genome inside plant and algal chloroplasts, discovered 1959 at UC Davis; 120-160 kb in angiosperms, maternally inherited, used in phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, and plastid engineering.
Chloroplast membrane
Chloroplast membrane system: outer and inner envelope membranes plus the thylakoid membrane, defining three compartments. Thylakoids form grana stacks hosting photosynthetic light reactions, ATP generation, and lipid-rich MGDG/DGDG bilayers.
Chloroplast protein import
Chloroplast protein import is the movement of nucleus-encoded precursor proteins across the chloroplast's two envelope membranes, powered by the TOC and TIC translocons and ATP.