72,234 articles
Clofibric Acid
Clofibric acid is the biologically active metabolite of clofibrate, the first therapeutically useful fibrate; it is also a persistent pharmaceutical contaminant frequently detected in water.
Cloforex
Cloforex (D 237, CAS 14261-75-7), a withdrawn 1960s anorectic anti-obesity drug, a sympathomimetic phenethylamine carbamate and serotonin re-uptake inhibitor pulled from German, Swedish, and Venezuelan markets over pulmonary hypertension concerns.
Clomacran
Clomacran (SKF-14336; brands Devryl, Olaxin) is a non-phenothiazine tricyclic acridine antipsychotic developed by Smith Kline & French, used in 1970s schizophrenia trials and later withdrawn, with hepatotoxicity cited.
Clomazone
Clomazone (dimethazone, Command), an isoxazolidinone herbicide first registered in 1986, WSSA Group 13 pigment synthesis inhibitor causing seedling bleaching via 5-ketoclomazone; EU approval extended to 31 December 2027.
Clometacin
Clometacin (Dupéran), an indomethacin-isomer indoleacetic acid NSAID and cyclooxygenase inhibitor introduced in France in 1971, withdrawn in 1990 after severe autoimmune-like hepatitis, mainly in elderly women.
Clomethiazole
Clomethiazole, also spelled chlormethiazole and marketed as Heminevrin, is a sedative and anticonvulsant drug related to thiamine that is used in Europe to treat acute alcohol withdrawal, but is not approved in the United States.
Clomifene
Clomifene (clomiphene citrate, Clomid), a triphenylethylene SERM synthesized in 1956 and FDA-approved in 1967, induces ovulation by blocking hypothalamic estrogen receptors; now second-line to letrozole in PCOS.
Clomipramine
Clomipramine (Anafranil), a serotonergic tricyclic antidepressant, was the first FDA-approved OCD drug (1989) and is second-line OCD treatment; also approved as Clomicalm for canine separation anxiety.
Clonaid
Clonaid, company founded 1997 in the Bahamas by Raëlian leader Claude Vorilhon; announced the first human clone, baby Eve, on 27 December 2002 through CEO Brigitte Boisselier, but never provided any evidence, and no human clone has been verified.
Clonal analysis
Clonal analysis is a method in developmental and cell biology that marks one progenitor cell and identifies its descendants, producing lineage maps and clone size distributions.
Clonal colony
Clonal colony: a group of genetically identical organisms (genet with ramets) growing vegetatively from one ancestor via stolons, rhizomes, or roots. Pando, a 42.6-hectare Utah aspen genet of 47,000 stems, is the heaviest known example, possibly 16,000–80,000 years old.
Clonality analysis
Clonality analysis is a computational method in cancer genomics that infers the clonal composition and evolutionary relationships of tumor cell populations from sequencing data, most often bulk DNA sequencing.
Clonazepam
Clonazepam (Klonopin) is a long-acting, high-potency benzodiazepine approved in the US in 1976 for seizures and in 1997 for panic disorder, with a 30-40 hour half-life, GABAergic mechanism, and boxed warnings for dependence and withdrawal.
Clonidine
Clonidine (Catapres, Kapvay) is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist developed at Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s as a nasal decongestant, now used for hypertension, ADHD, tics, and opioid withdrawal, with rebound hypertension on abrupt withdrawal.
Cloning
Cloning is the production of biological copies with identical DNA, covering gene cloning, reproductive cloning via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and therapeutic cloning for patient-matched stem cells.
Cloning vector
Cloning vector: a DNA molecule, plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC, or fosmid, that carries foreign DNA into a host cell for replication. Defined by origin of replication, selectable marker, and cloning site; plasmids take up to 12 kb, BACs and fosmids take tens to hundreds of kbp.
Clonogenic assay
The clonogenic assay measures whether individual cells can proliferate into colonies of 50 or more cells, the in vitro gold standard for testing radiotherapy and chemotherapy sensitivity.
Clonorchiasis
Clonorchiasis, or Chinese liver fluke disease, is infection by the trematode Clonorchis sinensis acquired from raw freshwater fish; endemic in East Asia, linked to cholangiocarcinoma, treated with praziquantel.
Clonorchis sinensis
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a foodborne trematode causing clonorchiasis in East Asia via raw freshwater fish; an IARC Group 1 carcinogen treated with praziquantel.
Clonus
Clonus: involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions from sudden passive tendon stretching, an upper motor neuron sign elicited by rapid ankle dorsiflexion; 5-8 Hz beats, sustained if over 10, treated with baclofen, cold, botulinum toxin, or phenol.
Clopidogrel
Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an oral P2Y12 platelet inhibitor prodrug activated mainly by CYP2C19, used with or instead of aspirin after MI, ischemic stroke, PCI, and in peripheral artery disease; boxed warning for CYP2C19 poor metabolizers.
Clopyralid
Clopyralid (3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylic acid, CAS 1702-17-6) is a persistent Group 4 synthetic-auxin pyridine herbicide controlling broadleaf weeds in corn, wheat, sugar beets, turf, and pasture, without harming grasses; known for compost contamination of clippings.
Clorazepic acid
Clorazepic acid (clorazepate, Tranxene) is a water-soluble benzodiazepine prodrug, US-approved 1972, decarboxylated in the stomach to nordiazepam; used for anxiety, partial seizures, and alcohol withdrawal.
Clorgyline
Clorgyline is an irreversible, selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), synthesized at May and Baker and first described by Johnston in 1968; it showed antidepressant effects but never entered clinical use.
Clorinda
Clorinda (Barrande, 1879) is an extinct pentameride brachiopod genus, type species C. armata, living Silurian (Rhuddanian) to Middle Devonian (Givetian) across Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland, Australia, and North Africa, and namesake of the deep-water Clorinda Community.
Close Combat Assault Ration
Close Combat Assault Ration (CCAR): the U.S. Department of Defense's newest individual field ration, replacing the First Strike Ration. 17% lighter, 39% smaller, 2,800 kcal/day, 40% fat, five days of nutrition, up to 10 days as sole food.
Closed Fracture Reduction
Closed fracture reduction: realigning a broken bone by manipulation without incision. Also called closed reduction or fracture reduction, closed. Used for distal radius, pediatric forearm, and femoral shaft nailing; higher union than open reduction but more malalignment and fluoroscopy.
Closed reduction
Closed reduction is a nonsurgical orthopedic procedure in which a fractured bone or dislocated joint is realigned by manual maneuver, usually followed by a cast or splint.
Closed-Circuit Anesthesia
Closed-circuit anesthesia: inhalational technique with the APL valve closed, rebreathing CO2-absorbed exhaled gas, fresh gas matched to patient uptake; also called closed-system or quantitative anesthesia; flows near 250-500 mL/min, 1.3 MAC target, mandatory FiO2 monitoring.
Closed-loop stimulation
Closed-loop stimulation is a neuromodulation technique delivering electrical stimulation only when sensed biomarkers indicate need, used in epilepsy via the NeuroPace RNS and in Parkinson's disease via sensing-enabled deep brain stimulation systems.