72,234 articles
Coeliac disease
Coeliac disease (celiac disease, gluten-sensitive enteropathy) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in wheat, barley, and rye, damaging the small intestine in about 1% of people; treated with a lifelong gluten-free diet.
Coelodonta
Coelodonta (woolly rhinoceros genus; C. antiquitatis) is an extinct Eurasian Pleistocene rhinoceros genus originating on the Tibetan Plateau 5.08 Ma, the only rhino in mammoth faunas, extinct about 14,000 years ago from climate warming.
Coelogyne cristata
Coelogyne cristata (crested coelogyne) is a Himalayan orchid species described by Lindley in 1824, native from West Himalaya to Bangladesh, growing at 1,500-2,600 m, with large fragrant white winter flowers and 2n=40.
Coelom
Coelom: the mesoderm-lined, fluid-filled body cavity between gut and body wall in triploblastic animals; distinguishes acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and eucoelomates, forms by schizocoely or enterocoely, and in humans becomes the pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.
Coelomocyte
Coelomocytes are free immune cells in invertebrate coelomic fluid, best studied in earthworms and echinoderms; they perform phagocytosis, encapsulation, clotting, and humoral secretion, and serve as soil-pollution biomarkers.
Coelomomyces
Coelomomyces, a genus of over 80 obligately parasitic blastoclad water moulds, kills mosquito larvae via a two-host life cycle alternating with copepods; no species has been cultured in vitro, limiting its biological control use.
Coeloplana astericola
Coeloplana astericola (creeping comb jelly), Mortensen 1927, a benthic ctenophore of Coeloplanidae living on the sea star Echinaster luzonicus in the tropical western Indo-Pacific; dark red with white network markings; COI barcoding distinguishes it from related Coeloplana.
Coelurosauria
Coelurosauria, or coelurosaurs, is a clade of theropod dinosaurs containing tyrannosaurs, raptors, and the birds as its living members; the name means "hollow-tailed lizard", referring to their thin-walled tail bones.
Coen D.A. Stehouwer
Coen D.A. Stehouwer (born 1960) is a Dutch internist and professor of internal medicine at Maastricht University, known for research on the vascular complications of type 2 diabetes.
Coenagrionidae
Coenagrionidae (narrow-winged damselflies, pond damsels), Kirby 1890, is the largest damselfly family, over 130 genera and 1200 species on all continents except Antarctica, including former Pseudostigmatidae and New World Protoneuridae.
Coendou
Coendou (Lacépède, 1799) is the most speciose genus of New World porcupines (Erethizontidae), arboreal nocturnal herbivores from Mexico to Argentina; 15-22 recognized species, subgenera Coendou, Sphiggurus, Caaporamys, with Echinoprocta and Sphiggurus synonymized.
Coenobita
Coenobita (land hermit crabs, Latreille 1829) is a genus of shell-carrying terrestrial hermit crabs in Coenobitidae, with about 16 species across the tropical Indo-Pacific, western Atlantic, and Caribbean; adults live on land but breed in the sea, and all pet-trade crabs are wild-caught.
Coenobita brevimanus
Coenobita brevimanus, the purple or Indonesian land hermit crab (Dana, 1852), is a large nocturnal Indo-Pacific terrestrial hermit crab of coastal forests, distinguished by circular eye stalks, marine snail shell use, and new-moon seaward spawning migrations.
Coenothyris
Coenothyris Douvillé, 1879 is an extinct Triassic terebratulid brachiopod genus (type species C. vulgaris Schlotheim, 1820), abundant in Muschelkalk marker beds, with preserved color banding and species such as C. oweni from Israel.
Coenurosis
Coenurosis, also called gid or sturdy, is tissue infection with the coenurus larval stage of Taenia multiceps, T. serialis, T. brauni, or T. glomeratus, acquired from canid feces; about 100 human cases reported, T. multiceps cerebral form fatal in 42% of cases.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, CoA-SH) is an essential acyl-carrier cofactor in all living organisms, made from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) in five enzymatic steps; discovered by Fritz Lipmann in 1945, central to fatty acid and TCA metabolism, and an antimicrobial drug target.
Coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway
The coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway is the five-step enzymatic route converting pantothenate (vitamin B5), cysteine, and ATP into coenzyme A, the cofactor that carries acyl groups in central metabolism.
Coenzyme B
Coenzyme B (CoB, HS-HTP, 7-mercaptoheptanoyl-L-threonine phosphate) is a thiol coenzyme of methanogenic archaea and ANME; with methyl-coenzyme M it yields methane and the CoM-S-S-CoB heterodisulfide via methyl-coenzyme M reductase.
Coenzyme F420
Coenzyme F420 (F₄₂₀, factor 420) is a 5-deazaflavin hydride carrier with −340 mV redox potential, discovered 1972 in methanogens, also made by actinobacteria; central to methanogenesis, antibiotic biosynthesis, and pretomanid activation.
Coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit beta, archaea
Coenzyme F420 hydrogenase subunit beta (FrhB) is the F420-binding, FAD- and [4Fe4S]-carrying beta subunit of the FrhABG F420-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase of methanogenic archaea, found exclusively and universally in methanogens.
Coenzyme F430
Coenzyme F430 is a nickel-containing tetrahydrocorphinoid tetrapyrrole, prosthetic group of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in methanogenic and methanotrophic archaea; synthesized from sirohydrochlorin via cfb genes, with variants like 17²-methylthio-F430 in ANME-1.
Coenzyme M
Coenzyme M (CoM, 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate) is the smallest known organic cofactor, a methyl carrier in methanogenesis, reduced by methyl-CoM reductase with coenzyme B to methane, and also used in bacterial alkene metabolism.
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase, also called cytochrome bc1 complex or complex III, is a homodimeric membrane enzyme oxidizing ubiquinol and reducing cytochrome c via the Q-cycle, with 3 to 11 subunits and quinone-site inhibitors in tuberculosis drug development.
Coenzyme Q1
Coenzyme Q1, also called CoQ1 or ubiquinone-1, is the shortest member of the ubiquinone family, whose single prenyl side chain makes it water-soluble and useful as a laboratory electron acceptor for complex I.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinone, ubidecarenone) is a redox-active benzoquinone lipid with a 10-isoprene-unit tail, discovered in 1957, that carries electrons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, acts as an antioxidant, and is sold as a dietary supplement.
Coexpression network analysis
Coexpression network analysis is a computational bioinformatics method that builds networks of co-expressed genes, groups them into modules, and links modules to traits like disease.
Cofactor (biochemistry)
Cofactor (biochemistry): a non-protein compound or metal ion required for enzyme catalysis; organic cofactors are coenzymes (NAD+, FAD, CoA), tightly bound ones prosthetic groups; apoenzyme plus cofactor forms the holoenzyme.
Cofactor F430
Cofactor F430 is a nickel-containing tetrapyrrole cofactor, the chromophore of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in methanogens, and the only natural tetrapyrrole with nickel at its center.
Coffea
Coffea is a genus of flowering plants in the madder family (Rubiaceae) whose roasted seeds yield coffee, with about 133 species native to Africa and tropical Asia.
Coffee Break trial
Coffee Break (NCT04209972) is a completed 2019 Radboud University Medical Center randomized trial comparing precision of repeated lung-nodule volume measurements on standard versus ultra-high-resolution CT (0.25 mm) scanners; no results posted.