72,234 articles
Coffin birth
Coffin birth, or postmortem fetal extrusion, is the gas-driven expulsion of a fetus from a decomposing pregnant woman's body, documented in forensic cases and rare archaeological burials such as San Genesio, Tuscany.
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) is a rare X-linked dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the RPS6KA3 gene, marked by severe intellectual disability in males, distinctive facial features, and progressive kyphoscoliosis.
Coffin-Siris syndrome
Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS, fifth digit syndrome), a rare autosomal dominant BAF-complex genetic disorder, most often ARID1B, causing developmental delay, fifth finger/toe nail hypoplasia, and coarse facial features.
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653)
Cofrogliptin (HSK7653, 考格列汀, brand 倍长平) is Haisco's ultralong-acting oral DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes, dosed 10 mg once every two weeks; approved in China June 2024, half-life 131.5 h, non-inferior to daily linagliptin.
COG1-CDG
COG1-CDG (CDG-IIg, OMIM 611209) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by COG1 gene variants, with growth retardation, microcephaly, psychomotor delay, dysmorphism, and type 2 transferrin IEF; only a handful of patients reported.
COG4-CDG
COG4-CDG (CDG-IIj, congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIj) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive COG4 gene disorder causing epileptic encephalopathy, distinct from dominant Saul-Wilson syndrome.
COG5-CDG
COG5-CDG, formerly congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIi, is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by mutations in the COG5 gene, first described in 2009, causing hypotonia, developmental delay, and intellectual disability.
COG6-CGD
COG6-CGD (CDG2L, congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIl, OMIM 614576) is an autosomal recessive COG6-gene Golgi glycosylation disorder with neonatal multisystem disease, under 1 per million prevalence, and no interventional trials.
COG7-CDG
COG7-CDG (CDG type IIe, OMIM 608779) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by COG7 gene mutations on chromosome 16p12.2, destabilizing the COG Golgi tethering complex and causing combined N- and O-hypoglycosylation with severe multi-system infantile disease.
COG8-CDG
COG8-CDG (CDG-IIh, CDG2H, OMIM 611182) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder of glycosylation caused by COG8 mutations disrupting the COG Golgi trafficking complex, with severe psychomotor retardation, failure to thrive, and type II transferrin pattern.
Cogan syndrome
Cogan syndrome, a rare autoimmune vasculitis of the inner ear and eye in young adults, causing interstitial keratitis and progressive deafness; typical versus atypical forms, diagnosis of exclusion, steroid treatment.
Cognitive analytic therapy
Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) is a structured, time-limited psychotherapy combining cognitive therapy with exploration of relational patterns, delivered in 8, 16, or 24 weekly sessions.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), Beck's structured psychotherapy; includes cognitive therapy and third-wave variants. Time-limited, 5-20 sessions; g=0.79 for depression, comparable to antidepressants with lower relapse.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a structured psychotherapy using stimulus control and sleep restriction, recommended by major guidelines as first-line treatment for chronic insomnia.
Cognitive behaviour therapy
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), also called cognitive behavioral therapy, is a psychotherapy merging behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy; it uses cognitive restructuring, has strong evidence for anxiety disorders, and has a dedicated journal literature since 1971.
Cognitive distortion
Cognitive distortion: negatively biased, irrational thinking pattern central to Beck's cognitive therapy and CBT; includes all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, mind reading; treated via cognitive restructuring.
Cognitive Enhancement
Cognitive enhancement, or neuroenhancement, is the improvement of attention, memory, and executive function in healthy people using stimulant drugs like methylphenidate and modafinil or brain stimulation, with modest proven effects and active policy debate.
Cognitive functional therapy
Cognitive functional therapy (CFT) is a person-centered behavioral treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain, targeting the thoughts, emotions, and movement behaviors that keep pain and disability going.
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience studies how brain function supports mental activities, combining cognitive psychology with brain imaging. Named by Gazzaniga and Miller in the late 1970s; fMRI is its leading tool, with reverse inference and reproducibility as key debates.
Cognitive processing therapy
Cognitive processing therapy is a structured psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder that combines cognitive restructuring with written assignments, introduced by Patricia Resick and Monica Schnicke in 1992.
Cognitive rehabilitation therapy
Cognitive rehabilitation therapy is an individualized, structured set of activities designed to restore or compensate for impairments in attention, memory, and executive functions after brain injury.
Cognitive remediation
Cognitive remediation is a behavioral therapy using repeated cognitive exercises and strategy training to improve attention, memory, and executive functioning, aiming to improve daily functioning in psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.
Cognitive restructuring
Cognitive restructuring is a set of psychotherapy techniques, central to cognitive behavioral therapy, that identifies and corrects inaccurate beliefs maintaining distress, used for depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and OCD.
Cognitive stimulation therapy
Cognitive stimulation therapy is a structured group treatment in which people with mild to moderate dementia take part in themed activities to improve cognition and quality of life.
Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a structured, present-oriented psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, based on the cognitive model; a 1977 trial first showed it more efficacious than medication for depression.
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training
Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT) is a secular, module-based program developed by Geshe Lobsang Negi at Emory University in 2003–2004, adapting Tibetan Buddhist lojong mind-training to cultivate compassion.
Cohen-Gibson syndrome
Cohen-Gibson syndrome (EED-related overgrowth, OMIM 617561) is a rare autosomal dominant PRC2-related overgrowth disorder caused by EED variants, causing tall stature, macrocephaly, advanced bone age, and mild-to-severe intellectual disability.
Coherence elastography
Coherence elastography, usually called optical coherence elastography (OCE), is an imaging technique that measures tissue stiffness at micrometer resolution using optical coherence tomography, with the cornea as its leading application.
Cohesin
Cohesin (SMC1/SMC3, kleisin Scc1/Rad21) is a ring-shaped SMC complex that holds sister chromatids together until anaphase and extrudes DNA loops to organize the genome; mutations cause Cornelia de Lange syndrome and cancer.
Coho salmon
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), the silver salmon, is an anadromous Pacific salmon from Alaska to central California, also introduced in the Great Lakes; one ESU is ESA-endangered, three threatened.