72,234 articles
Cold medicine
Cold medicine, also called cold medication, is a drug product, usually over the counter, that relieves common cold symptoms such as congestion, cough, and fever.
Cold shock domain-containing protein
Cold shock domain-containing proteins carry CSDs, ~70-aa OB-fold beta-barrels binding single-stranded DNA and RNA; conserved from bacteria to humans, they mediate cold adaptation and regulate transcription, translation, and mRNA stability.
Cold Temperature
Cold temperature: environmental cold below the range humans tolerate without strain. Covers vasoconstriction, shivering, brown fat, hypothermia, frostbite, wind chill, public health mortality, and unproven cold-water immersion benefits.
Cold test (dentistry)
The cold test is a dental pulp test in which a cold stimulus is applied to a tooth to help distinguish a normal pulp from an inflamed or necrotic one.
Cold turkey
Cold turkey: abrupt, complete withdrawal from an addictive substance such as tobacco, alcohol, or opioids, without tapering. American-English phrase (c. 1915–20); trial evidence favors abrupt over gradual smoking cessation with support.
Cold urticaria
Cold urticaria (ColdU), a chronic inducible urticaria subtype, causes itchy wheals or angioedema within minutes of cold exposure, with 21.49% anaphylaxis prevalence; treated with second-generation antihistamines up to 4-fold dose, then omalizumab.
Cold-induced sweating syndrome
Cold-induced sweating syndrome (CISS, Crisponi syndrome) is a rare autosomal recessive CNTFR-related disorder caused by CRLF1 (~90%) or CLCF1 variants, featuring neonatal hyperthermia and feeding difficulties, then cold-triggered sweating and kyphoscoliosis.
COLD-PCR
COLD-PCR, short for co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR, is a modified polymerase chain reaction that enriches minority mutant alleles for detection, introduced in 2008 and used mainly in cancer mutation testing.
Cold-shock domain
Cold-shock domain (CSD), a ~70-amino-acid OB-fold beta-barrel nucleic acid-binding domain of bacterial cold-shock proteins and eukaryotic Y-box proteins such as YBX1; binds ssDNA and ssRNA via RNP1/RNP2 motifs, conserved from bacteria to humans.
Cold-stimulus headache
Cold-stimulus headache, also known as brain freeze, ice-cream headache, or Slurpee burn, is a common, short-lasting headache triggered by eating or breathing in something cold.
Cole A. DeForest
Cole A. DeForest is a bioengineer and Weyerhaeuser Endowed Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Washington, known for light-programmable hydrogels that guide stem cell fate.
Cole Trapnell
Cole Trapnell is a computational biologist and professor at the University of Washington, known for the RNA-seq tools TopHat and Cufflinks and the single-cell program Monocle.
Cole-Carpenter syndrome
Cole-Carpenter syndrome (CLCRP1, OMIM 112240; also CLCRP2) is an extremely rare osteogenesis imperfecta-like bone fragility disorder with craniosynostosis, ocular proptosis, hydrocephalus, and distinctive facial features, caused by P4HB, SEC24D, or CRTAP mutations.
Colectomy
Colectomy is surgery removing part or all of the colon, also called colon resection or bowel resection. Types include hemicolectomy, proctocolectomy, and sigmoidectomy; done open, laparoscopically, or robotically for cancer, diverticulitis, and IBD.
Coleen Tara Murphy
Coleen Tara Murphy, also known as Coleen T. Murphy, is an American molecular biologist at Princeton University known for showing that learned pathogen avoidance is inherited in roundworms.
Coleophoridae
Coleophoridae, the casebearer moths (casebearers), is a Gelechioidea moth family with over 1450 species whose larvae live in portable silk cases and mine leaves, seeds, and stems; classification of the dominant genus Coleophora remains disputed.
Coleoptera
Coleoptera, the beetles (order named by Linnaeus, 1758), is the largest animal order with over 380,000 described species, defined by hardened elytra, four extant suborders (Adephaga, Archostemata, Myxophaga, Polyphaga), and a late Carboniferous origin.
Colestilan chloride
Colestilan chloride (MCI-196; brands BindRen, Cholebine, Japanese name コレスチミド) is a non-absorbed, non-calcium phosphate binder and bile acid sequestrant lowering phosphorus and LDL-C in dialysis patients; EU authorization withdrawn in 2015.
Colestipol hydrochloride
Colestipol hydrochloride, sold as Colestid, is a bile acid sequestrant resin that binds bile acids in the intestine to lower LDL cholesterol, first FDA approved in 1977.
Colestyramine
Colestyramine (cholestyramine, Questran) is a nonabsorbable anion-exchange resin bile acid sequestrant used for hypercholesterolemia, cholestatic pruritus, and bile acid diarrhea; developed at Merck in the late 1950s, it lowers LDL-C about 10-25% and requires separated dosing from other drugs.
Coleus
Coleus is a genus of about 320 species of aromatic herbs and shrubs in the mint family, native to the Old World tropics and Australia.
Coleus amboinicus
Coleus amboinicus (syn. Plectranthus amboinicus), Indian borage, is an aromatic Lamiaceae perennial herb native to Africa, Arabia, and India, used as a culinary and medicinal plant with phenolic, terpenoid, and flavonoid phytochemistry.
Colfosceril palmitate
Colfosceril palmitate (Exosurf, Exosurf Neonatal), a protein-free synthetic lung surfactant of DPPC, hexadecanol, and tyloxapol (85:9:6), FDA approved August 1990 for neonatal RDS, inferior to animal-derived surfactants and withdrawn.
Colibri
Colibri (violetears) is a hummingbird genus, Trochilidae, described by von Spix in 1824; four species from Mexico to Brazil, named for violet ear patches, type species T. serrirostris.
Colic
Colic: excessive, inconsolable crying in an otherwise healthy infant, defined by Wessel's rule of threes and Rome IV criteria; affects 17-25% of infants, peaks at 4-6 weeks, resolves by 3-4 months; also biliary, renal, and intestinal colic in adults.
Colicin M
Colicin M (ColM), cma gene product of pColM plasmids, is a 29 kDa E. coli bacteriocin, the only colicin that kills by degrading lipid I/II peptidoglycan precursors in the periplasm; neutralized by Cmi immunity protein.
Colicin-A, N-terminal domain
Colicin-A N-terminal domain (residues 1-172), the intrinsically disordered translocation (T) domain of the pore-forming colicin A toxin of E. coli; binds TolA, TolB, and TolR via mapped box sequences and uses OmpF for outer membrane import.
Colicins
Colicins are antibacterial proteins produced by some Escherichia coli strains that are lethal for related E. coli; the first was identified by André Gratia in 1925.
Coliform bacteria
Coliform bacteria (total coliforms): Gram-negative, lactose-fermenting rods used as fecal indicator organisms in water testing; include fecal coliforms and E. coli, regulated under EPA's Total Coliform Rule.
Colin Averill
Colin Averill is a senior scientist at ETH Zurich's Crowther Lab who studies how mycorrhizal fungi control soil carbon storage, and founder of the carbon-removal startup Funga.