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Collagen type III glomerulopathy
Collagen type III glomerulopathy, or collagenofibrotic glomerulopathy, a rare non-immune-mediated kidney disease with type III collagen deposits in glomerular mesangium and subendothelial space; about 100 cases, mostly Japanese; nephrotic proteinuria, no specific treatment.
Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1
COL17A1 (BP180, BPAG2) encodes type XVII collagen, a 180-kDa type II transmembrane hemidesmosomal protein anchoring epidermis to basement membrane; mutated in junctional epidermolysis bullosa and autoantigen in pemphigoid diseases.
Collagenous colitis
Collagenous colitis, a subtype of microscopic colitis first named by Lindström in 1976, causes chronic watery non-bloody diarrhea with a normal-looking colon; diagnosis needs biopsies showing a subepithelial collagen band ≥10 μm, and budesonide is first-line therapy.
Collapse Therapy
Collapse therapy: historical surgical treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis immobilizing the lung (artificial pneumothorax, thoracoplasty, plombage) so lesions rest and heal; obsolete after 1940s chemotherapy, revived for drug-resistant TB.
Collar cell
A collar cell is a cell bearing a collar of actin-filled microvilli around an apical flagellum, found in sponges as choanocytes, in choanoflagellates, and in many other animal phyla.
Collard (plant)
Collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), a non-heading leafy cabbage grown for large edible leaves; cold-hardiest cabbage-family crop, Southern US soul food staple, 30.66 kcal and 3.39 g fiber per 100 g raw.
Collateral Circulation
Collateral circulation: naturally occurring artery-to-artery backup vessels (coronary, cerebral, peripheral) that enlarge by arteriogenesis under shear stress after arterial occlusion, measured by collateral flow index, and linked to better survival in coronary disease and stroke.
Collateral ligament reconstruction
Collateral ligament reconstruction is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged knee collateral ligament with a tendon graft through bone tunnels, restoring valgus and varus stability.
Collateral ligament repair
Collateral ligament repair is a surgical procedure that reattaches a torn native collateral ligament to its bone attachment, preserving the patient's own tissue rather than using a tendon graft.
Collecting duct carcinoma
Collecting duct carcinoma, also called Bellini duct carcinoma, is a rare aggressive renal cell carcinoma subtype arising from the renal medulla, about 1% of kidney cancers, with median survival around 13-18 months and platinum-gemcitabine chemotherapy as mainstay systemic therapy.
Collecting duct system
Collecting duct system (kidney): ureteric bud-derived tubules draining nephrons; segments from connecting tubule to papillary duct; principal and intercalated cells; ADH/AQP2 water reabsorption, ENaC sodium handling, acid secretion; urine 0.5–10 L/day, up to 1200 mOsm/kg.
Collective chemotaxis
Collective chemotaxis is the movement of a group of cells or particles up a chemical gradient more accurately than independent single cells manage, seen in white blood cells, neural crest migration, and bacteria.
Colles' fracture
Colles' fracture, a dorsally displaced distal radius fracture from a fall on an outstretched hand, named after Abraham Colles; common in elderly, treated by closed reduction and casting or volar locking plating.
Colletidae
Colletidae, the plasterer, cellophane, polyester, masked, and yellow-faced bees, is a short-tongued solitary bee family of about 2,493 species in 54 genera, known for lining brood cells with a cellophane-like glandular secretion and for high Australian diversity.
Colletotrichum
Colletotrichum (Corda, 1831) is a genus of ascomycete fungi, family Glomerellaceae, of major plant pathogens causing anthracnose on crops, plus endophytes and rare human pathogens; species are grouped into about 16 species complexes and identified by multilocus markers.
Collie
Collie: Scottish herding dog breed in Rough and Smooth coat varieties, AKC-recognized 1885, famous through Lassie and Queen Victoria's patronage; known for MDR1 drug sensitivity and Collie Eye Anomaly.
Collocalia
Collocalia is a genus of small glossy Indo-Pacific swiftlets (family Apodidae) erected by Gray in 1840; once held all swiftlets, now about 11 species after splits from Aerodramus, with salivary nests harvested for bird's nest soup.
Collodaria
Collodaria is an order of marine planktonic Radiolaria protists, established by Ernst Haeckel in 1881, living as solitary cells or colonies and hosting photosynthetic symbionts in nutrient-poor oceans.
Colloid cyst
Colloid cyst: benign epithelial (neuroepithelial) cyst of the anterior third ventricle, 0.2-3% of benign intracranial tumors, causing obstructive hydrocephalus and rare sudden death; treated by endoscopic or microsurgical resection.
Collybia
Collybia is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Clitocybaceae, named by Staude in 1857. Its species are saprobes that grow from sclerotia or decaying mushroom remains.
COLO 205
COLO 205 (COLO-205, CVCL_0218) is a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line from the ascitic fluid of a 70-year-old male with Dukes type D colon cancer; mixed adherent/suspension growth, BRAF V600E, KRAS wild type, MSS, NCI-60 panel member.
Coloboma
Coloboma (ocular coloboma, congenital ocular coloboma) is a birth defect in which part of the eye or eyelid tissue is missing, caused by failure of the embryonic fissure to close; affects about 1 in 10,000 people and can cause childhood blindness.
Coloboma of choroid and retina
Coloboma of choroid and retina (chorioretinal coloboma, ORPHA:98942) is a rare genetic birth defect with partial absence of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, usually inferonasal, causing reduced vision and retinal detachment risk.
Coloboma of eyelid
Coloboma of eyelid (eyelid coloboma, coloboma palpebrale): a congenital full-thickness eyelid margin defect, usually upper lid, occurring in roughly 0.2-0.8 per 10,000 births, isolated or syndromic (Fraser, Goldenhar, Treacher Collins, CHARGE), risking exposure keratopathy and amblyopia.
Coloboma of iris
Coloboma of iris (iris coloboma, ICD-10 Q13.0) is a congenital gap in the iris from failed embryonic fissure closure, giving a keyhole pupil, photophobia; treated with tinted contacts or surgery.
Coloboma of macula
Coloboma of macula (macular coloboma; OMIM 120300) is a rare congenital chorioretinal maldevelopment of the macula, not caused by optic fissure closure failure, causing central vision loss and distinguished from toxoplasmosis by OCT.
Coloboma of optic disc
Coloboma of optic disc (optic disc coloboma, ORPHA 98947) is a rare genetic, inferiorly decentered bowl-shaped excavation of the optic disc from failed embryonic fissure closure, causing reduced vision and retinal detachment risk.
Colobus
Colobus is a genus of African black-and-white Old World monkeys, forest leaf-eaters with multi-chambered stomachs for fermenting fiber, comprising five species plus a sixth, C. congoensis, described in 2026.
Colobus angolensis
Colobus angolensis, the Angolan colobus (Angola colobus), is a Vulnerable African foregut-fermenting folivorous monkey with eight subspecies, disjunct Central and East African forest range, and multi-level societies of up to 500 in the Rwenzori subspecies.
Colocalization (microscopy)
Colocalization is a fluorescence microscopy image-analysis method that quantifies whether two labeled biomolecules occupy overlapping subcellular regions, using pixel-intensity correlation and overlap coefficients from dual-channel images.