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Colocasia
Colocasia (taro genus) is an Asian aroid genus in Araceae, tribe Colocasieae; its species C. esculenta is the ancient staple crop taro, grown over 10,000 years, invasive in Florida, and distinguished from Alocasia by peltate leaves and parietal placentation.
Cololabis saira
Cololabis saira, the Pacific saury (Japanese sanma, サンマ), is a small pelagic fish of the North Pacific from Japan to the Gulf of Alaska, fished mainly by stick-held dip net and managed by the NPFC; the stock is overfished, with a 2025 catch limit of 202,500 metric tons.
Colon capsule endoscopy
Colon capsule endoscopy is a diagnostic test in which the patient swallows a camera capsule that photographs the colon to detect polyps, colorectal cancer, and inflammation without sedation.
Colon cleansing
Colon cleansing, also called colonic irrigation or colonic hydrotherapy, flushes the large intestine with water, coffee, or herbal solutions. Medical bowel prep before colonoscopy is established; detox cleansing lacks evidence and risks perforation, infection, and electrolyte imbalance.
Colon epithelial cell
Colon epithelial cells form the large intestine lining: LGR5+ crypt stem cells renew the epithelium every 4-5 days, producing colonocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, tuft, and M cells for absorption, mucus barrier, and electrolyte transport.
Colonia
Colonia is a monotypic genus of tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) holding only the Long-tailed Tyrant, Colonia colonus, a black-and-white Neotropical bird with elongated central tail feathers, ranging from Honduras to Argentina and listed as Least Concern.
Colonial ascidians
Colonial ascidians are sea squirts whose zooids share a gelatinous tunic and common blood vessels, making the colony the functional individual; Botryllus schlosseri is the best-studied model.
Colonial veterinary services
Colonial veterinary services were state animal-health administrations European powers built in their colonies from the 1890s rinderpest panzootic until decolonization, running vaccination and livestock programs while also controlling African and Asian herders.
Colonic abscess
Colonic abscess (ICD-11 DB36.0), a localized pus collection in or near the colon, usually from perforated diverticulitis, sometimes colon cancer; treated with antibiotics, plus percutaneous drainage when 3 cm or larger.
Colonic atresia
Colonic atresia, also called large intestinal atresia, is a rare congenital blockage or absence of part of the colon, the rarest intestinal atresia type, occurring in roughly 1 in 10,000 to 66,000 births and treated surgically.
Colonic Pouches
Colonic pouches (ileal pouches, J-pouch, Kock pouch) are internal reservoirs made from ileum to replace the colon and rectum after restorative proctocolectomy, mainly for ulcerative colitis and FAP, pioneered by Kock in 1969 and Parks and Nicholls in 1978.
Colonocyte
Colonocyte: absorptive epithelial cell of the colon, also called colonic enterocyte. Oxidizes microbial butyrate via β-oxidation for 60-80% of its energy, creating hypoxia that stabilizes HIF, maintains barrier function, and sustains anaerobic microbiota; Warburg metabolism in cancer reverses butyrate's effect.
Colonoscopes
Colonoscopes are flexible endoscopes inserted through the anus to visualize the entire colon for diagnosis and polyp removal. Developed from Niwa and Yamagata's fiberoptic design, first used modernly by Wolff and Shinya in June 1969.
Colonoscopy
Colonoscopy: endoscopic examination of the rectum and entire colon with a flexible camera tube (colonoscope). Key screening test for colorectal cancer every 10 years from age 45; polyps removable during the exam; perforation about 3 per 10,000 procedures.
Colonoscopy screening
Colonoscopy screening examines the entire colon in asymptomatic adults to detect colorectal cancer and remove precancerous polyps during the same procedure, recommended every 10 years.
Colony (biology)
Colony (biology): same-species cells or organisms living in association, from bacterial and algal colonies to zooid colonies and ant supercolonies. Forms by clonal stay-together or aggregative come-together development; records include Pando (42.6 ha) and the 6,000-km Argentine ant supercolony.
Colony collapse disorder
Colony collapse disorder (CCD): abnormal disappearance of worker honey bees leaving queen, brood, and food. First reported 2006/2007; 2024-25 US losses linked to DWV and ABPV viruses spread by amitraz-resistant Varroa mites.
Colony communication and dominance in social wasps
How social wasp colonies coordinate work, reproduction, and defense without language: chemical signals on eggs and bodies, dominance hierarchies among females, and larval hunger sounds that adults answer with food.
Colony cycle of the Asian giant hornet
The colony cycle of the Asian giant hornet is the annual sequence in which a queen founds an underground nest in spring and the colony dies by late fall.
Colony cycles of social wasps: annual and perennial
A social wasp colony cycle runs from founding by a queen through worker growth to new queens and males, annual in temperate species and perennial in milder climates.
Colony-forming unit
Colony-forming unit (CFU): microbiology unit estimating viable bacteria, yeasts, or moulds by counting colonies on agar, typically 25–250 per plate; used in FDA BAM aerobic plate counts, ISO 7218 food testing, and drinking-water heterotrophic plate counts, limited by VBNC cells.
Colophospermum mopane
Colophospermum mopane (mopane, turpentine tree, butterfly tree) is a Fabaceae tree dominating over 500,000 km² of south-central African savanna, host of edible mopane worms, drought- and fire-tolerant, IUCN least concern.
Color blindness
Color blindness (color vision deficiency) is a reduced ability to distinguish colors, usually inherited X-linked recessively via OPN1LW/OPN1MW opsin gene mutations; red-green defects affect about 1 in 12 men, with no cure but tinted-lens aids and gene therapy trials for severe forms.
Color Doppler ultrasonography
Color Doppler ultrasonography is an ultrasound technique that superimposes a color-coded map of flow direction and velocity on gray-scale images, most commonly to image blood flow.
Color Perception Tests
Color perception tests are vision tests for detecting color vision defects: Ishihara and HRR pseudoisochromatic plates for screening, Farnsworth D-15 and 100-hue arrangement tests, and the anomaloscope, the gold-standard diagnostic instrument.
Color Therapy
Color therapy (chromotherapy, chromopathy): alternative therapy using colored light or suggestion to treat disorders, rooted in Pleasonton (1876) and Babbitt (1878) and Ghadiali's Spectro-Chrome (1920); minimal direct clinical evidence, distinct from evidence-based phototherapy.
Color vision
Color vision: the visual system's perception of light wavelength as color, based on three S, M, L cone types, retinal cone-opponent pathways, trichromatic and opponent-process theories, color constancy, and color vision deficiency affecting about 1 in 12 men.
Colorado potato beetle
Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), a North American leaf beetle and major potato defoliator in North America, Europe, and Asia; notorious for rapid resistance to over 50 insecticides.
Colorado River toad
Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius), also Sonoran Desert toad, sapo grande: large North American true toad of Arizona, New Mexico, and northwest Mexico whose parotoid glands secrete 5-MeO-DMT and cardiac glycosides.
Colorado tick fever
Colorado tick fever is a febrile illness caused by Colorado tick fever virus, transmitted by the Rocky Mountain wood tick in the western United States and southwestern Canada.