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Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer, cancer of the colon or rectum (bowel cancer), begins as polyps and is screened for from age 45; US 2026 estimates are 158,850 new cases, 55,230 deaths, with rising early-onset incidence.
Colorectal polyp
Colorectal (bowel) polyp: abnormal growth on the colon or rectum lining, also called colonic polyp. Common (1 in 4 over 50); adenomas and serrated lesions can become cancer; removed by colonoscopic polypectomy, which lowers colorectal cancer mortality.
Colorectal resection
Colorectal resection is a surgical operation in which part or all of the colon or rectum is removed, to treat colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and volvulus.
Colorectal surgery
Colorectal surgery treats colon, rectum, and anus disease, from cancer and IBD to diverticulitis. Covers open, laparoscopic (since 1991), and robotic (since 2001) approaches, outcomes, and ERAS care.
Colorectal Surgical Procedures
Colorectal surgical procedures, also called Surgical Procedures, Colorectal (MeSH D000099090), are operations on the colon, rectum, and anal canal, including colectomy, proctectomy, and IPAA, performed open, laparoscopically, or robotically.
Colossal Biosciences dire wolf project
Colossal Biosciences dire wolf project: April 2025 announcement of Romulus, Remus, and Khaleesi, CRISPR-edited gray wolves with 20 edits in 14 genes presented as de-extinct dire wolves (Aenocyon dirus), disputed by scientists.
Colossal squid
The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) is a squid of the Southern Ocean and the heaviest living invertebrate, weighing up to 495 kg. Most known specimens come from sperm whale stomachs.
Colossoma macropomum
Colossoma macropomum, tambaqui or black pacu, a large Serrasalmidae fish of the Amazon and Orinoco basins; second largest scaled Amazon fish, seed-eating, heavily farmed, IUCN Near Threatened and Vulnerable in Brazil.
Colostethus
Colostethus (rocket frogs) is a genus of 11 dull-colored poison frog species (Dendrobatidae, Colostethinae) from Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador, defined by a swollen third finger in males and historically considered non-toxic.
Colostomy
Colostomy: a surgically created stoma connecting the colon to the abdomen so stool collects in a worn pouch; may be temporary (loop) or permanent (end). Reasons include bowel cancer, IBD, obstruction, and incontinence; first successful case 1793.
Colostrum
Colostrum, also called first milk or bovine colostrum, is the antibody-rich early mammary secretion after birth, high in IgG, lactoferrin, and growth factors, distinct from mature milk and used in newborn feeding and adult supplements.
Colpidium colpoda
Colpidium colpoda (syn. Paramecium colpoda) is a bacterivorous freshwater ciliate in Turaniellidae, 100-150 µm, kidney-shaped, thriving in organic-rich waters and unable to form cysts.
Colpocleisis
Colpocleisis is an obliterative gynecologic operation for advanced pelvic organ prolapse, in which the vaginal canal is surgically closed and offered only to women who no longer desire intercourse.
Colpopexy
Colpopexy is a surgical procedure that suspends a prolapsed vaginal apex, most often the vault after hysterectomy, to the sacrum or sacrospinous ligament, correcting apical pelvic organ prolapse.
Colporrhaphy
Colporrhaphy is a vaginal operation that repairs a prolapsed anterior or posterior vaginal wall by plicating the underlying fascia; anterior repair treats cystocele and posterior repair treats rectocele.
Colposcopes
Colposcopes are lighted, low-power binocular magnifying instruments for examining the cervix, vagina, and vulva; invented by Hans Hinselmann in 1925, they guide colposcopy, biopsy, and treatment of cervical precancer.
Colposcopy
Colposcopy is a medical exam in which the cervix, vagina, and vulva are viewed through a magnifying colposcope, typically after abnormal cervical screening, often with a biopsy.
Colpotomy
Colpotomy is a surgical incision through the vaginal wall, usually the posterior fornix, that opens into the recto-uterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) to reach the pelvic peritoneal cavity.
Colter Mitchell
Colter Mitchell is an American biodemographer and Research Associate Professor at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, studying how social conditions shape population health.
Colubridae
Colubridae, the colubrid snakes, is the largest snake family (about 1,900 species, roughly 57% of snakes), defined by solid dentition without premaxillary teeth, rear-fanged Duvernoy's gland venom delivery, and mild human envenoming in only about 100 species.
Colubrina
Colubrina, known in English as nakedwood, is a genus of about 45 species of shrubs and trees in the buckthorn family, native to the tropics and subtropics worldwide.
Colugo
Colugo, or flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus, Cynocephalus volans): nocturnal Southeast Asian gliding mammal, sole order Dermoptera, sister group to primates, glides up to 145 m on an extensive patagium.
Colum A. Gorman
Colum A. Gorman is an endocrinologist and emeritus professor of medicine at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, known for his work on thyroid disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale
The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a structured clinical interview that rates suicidal ideation severity and behavior, serving as the standard measure in care, research, and FDA trials.
Columbian mammoth
The Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) was a large extinct elephant that lived across North America during the late Pleistocene and disappeared from the fossil record about 12,000 years ago.
Columbidae
Columbidae is the bird family comprising the pigeons and doves, with about 308 species found on every continent except Antarctica, and the extinct dodo and passenger pigeon are members.
Columbiformes
Columbiformes, the order of pigeons and doves (family Columbidae, about 352 species), stocky seed- and fruit-eating birds with crop milk, cosmopolitan except Antarctica, including the extinct dodo and solitaire.
Columbina
Columbina (ground doves) is a genus of small New World doves in Columbidae, subfamily Claravinae, established by von Spix in 1825; includes the Common, Inca, Ruddy, and Blue-eyed ground doves.
Column (botany)
Column (gynostemium): the fused male-and-female reproductive structure at the center of orchid flowers, with anther at the tip, stigma beneath, and pollinia; found otherwise only in Pauridia and Corsia.
Columnaria
Columnaria Goldfuss, 1826 is an extinct genus of colonial rugose coral (type species C. sulcata) with cerioid or phaceloid colonies, known from Ordovician to Devonian rocks of North America, Europe, and Australia.