72,234 articles
CYBA
CYBA is a human gene on chromosome 16q24.2 encoding p22-phox (cytochrome b-245 alpha chain), the shared membrane subunit of NOX1-NOX4 NADPH oxidases; mutations cause autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease.
Cybathlon
Cybathlon is an international competition organized by ETH Zurich where pilots with disabilities complete everyday tasks using prostheses, exoskeletons, and brain-computer interfaces; it was first held in 2016.
Cyborg
Cyborg: a cybernetic organism, a human integrally combined with technology. Coined by Clynes and Kline in 1960 for space-flight self-regulation; today covers brain-computer implants, prosthetics, and human augmentation.
Cycad
Cycads (Cycadales) are ancient dioecious gymnosperms with cones, palm-like leaves, and insect pollination, found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. About 300-350 species survive; 63.2% of assessed species are threatened, the highest proportion of any gymnosperm group.
Cycadaceae
Cycadaceae is the cycad family holding the single genus Cycas, about 100 to 125 species from Africa to the Pacific and Australia, defined by frond-like female megasporophylls and a Palaeogene crown age.
Cycadales
Cycadales (cycads): ancient dioecious gymnosperm order, two families, 10 genera, ~368-380 species, Permian origin, insect pollination, toxins cycasin and BMAA, 68% threatened with extinction.
Cycadeoidea
Cycadeoidea, named by Buckland in 1828, is an extinct bennettitalean genus of silicified cycad-like Mesozoic trunks with bisporangiate flower-like cones, distinct from true cycads in leaf traces and anatomy.
Cycas
Cycas is the sole genus of Cycadaceae, the sister lineage to all other cycads, with about 115 species from East Africa to the western Pacific, a Palaeogene crown age, and rapid Miocene radiations.
Cycas armstrongii
Cycas armstrongii is a fire-adapted cycad endemic to the Top End of Australia's Northern Territory, where dense stands in eucalypt savanna make it one of the world's most abundant cycads.
Cycas cultivation and horticulture
Cycas cultivation is the ornamental growing of Cycas, palm-like cycads including the sago palm (Cycas revoluta). It covers growing conditions, propagation from seed and offsets, pests, and toxicity.
Cycas media
Cycas media is a palm-like cycad of northern and eastern Australia, first described by Robert Brown in 1810, whose toxic seeds were a staple Aboriginal food after detoxification.
Cycas micronesica
Cycas micronesica, known in Chamorro as fadang, is a cycad native to Guam, Rota, Palau, and Yap whose populations collapsed after an invasive scale insect arrived in 2003.
Cycas revoluta
Cycas revoluta (sotetsu, sago cycad, Japanese sago palm) is a slow-growing dioecious cycad native to Fujian, the Ryukyus, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Taiwan; toxic cycasin-containing ornamental gymnosperm, IUCN Least Concern but threatened by the invasive cycad aulacaspis scale.
Cycas thouarsii
Cycas thouarsii is a trunk-forming cycad native to Madagascar, the Comoros, Aldabra, and East African coasts, reaching 10 m tall with distinctly bluish new leaves and buoyant seeds.
Cycasin
Cycasin (methylazoxymethanol beta-D-glucoside) is a carcinogenic, neurotoxic azoxyglycoside from cycads, isolated from Cycas revoluta seeds in 1955; gut bacterial beta-glucosidases release its toxic aglycone MAM.
Cychlorphine
Cychlorphine, also known as N-propionitrile chlorphine, is a synthetic opioid of the orphine family with no approved medical use, estimated to be about 10 times more potent than fentanyl.
Cyclacillin
Cyclacillin (ciclacillin, Wy-4508, Cyclapen-W) is a discontinued semisynthetic penicillin, a cyclohexylamido analog of penicillanic acid, FDA-approved in 1979, with faster and higher absorption than ampicillin and lower diarrhea rates than amoxicillin.
Cyclamen
Cyclamen, genus of tuberous perennial herbs in Primulaceae, also called sowbread, native from Europe to Iran and NE Somalia; nodding reflexed-petaled flowers, tubers 2-24 cm, florist's cyclamen is C. persicum.
Cyclandelate
Cyclandelate (Cyclospasmol, CAS 456-59-7) is a mandelic acid ester vasodilator, a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant once used for claudication, Raynaud's disease, and migraine prophylaxis; discontinued in the US and Canada in 1997 for lack of efficacy.
Cyclanilide
Cyclanilide (CAS 113136-77-9) is a synthetic plant growth regulator and auxin transport inhibitor used on cotton with ethephon as a harvest aid (Finish) and with mepiquat chloride for growth control; US registered 1997, not EU approved.
Cyclaniliprole
Cyclaniliprole (CAS 1031756-98-5), an anthranilic diamide insecticide by Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha, IRAC Group 28 ryanodine receptor modulator, launched 2017 as Teppan, registered in 13 countries but not EU-approved.
Cycle ergometry
Cycle ergometry is an exercise testing method in which a patient pedals a stationary bicycle ergometer against controlled resistance, with power output prescribed in watts and cardiopulmonary responses recorded.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, 3′,5′-cAMP) is the original second messenger, discovered by Earl Sutherland in 1956; made from ATP by adenylyl cyclase, degraded by phosphodiesterases, acting via PKA, Epac, and CNG channels.
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
CGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; MB21D1, C6orf150) is a human chromosome 6q13 enzyme, 522 amino acids, that senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA sequence-independently and synthesizes 2'3'-cGAMP to activate STING-dependent innate immunity.
Cyclic immunofluorescence
Cyclic immunofluorescence (CycIF) is an imaging method that repeatedly stains, images, and strips the same tissue or cell sample, measuring up to 60 proteins; the tissue variant, t-CyCIF, was introduced in 2018.
Cyclic neutropenia
Cyclic neutropenia, also called cyclic hematopoiesis, is a rare autosomal dominant ELANE-related immunodeficiency with ~21-day oscillations of neutrophil counts to ANC <0.2×10⁹/L, causing recurrent fever, mouth ulcers, and infections, treated with G-CSF.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs, PDE1–PDE11) are enzymes hydrolyzing cAMP and cGMP to 5′-nucleotides, terminating second-messenger signaling; 21 genes yield ~100 isoforms and major drug targets like sildenafil.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, catalytic domain
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase catalytic domain (PDE catalytic domain, Pfam PF00233): conserved C-terminal ~250-350 aa, 16-helix metallohydrolase of the 11-family PDE superfamily that hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP using Zn2+ and Mg2+.
Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain
Cyclic nucleotide-binding (CNB) domain, also called CNBD, a ~120-residue conserved signaling module binding cAMP and cGMP; found in PKA, PKG, Epac, and CNG/HCN channels; eight-stranded beta-barrel with a phosphate-binding cassette.
Cyclic pelvic pain
Cyclic pelvic pain (ICD-11 GA34.20), also called mittelschmerz or ovulatory pain, is recurrent pelvic pain tied to the menstrual cycle; dysmenorrhea is its commonest cause, with endometriosis the key secondary differential.