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Cystatin
Cystatins (MEROPS I25): superfamily of reversible tight-binding inhibitors of papain-like C1 cysteine proteases, in stefin, cystatin, and kininogen families; cystatin C (CST3) is a kidney-function eGFR marker and cardiovascular risk predictor.
Cystatin C
Cystatin C (CST3, gamma-CSF) is a 13 kDa type 2 cystatin, the most abundant extracellular inhibitor of cysteine cathepsins, produced by all nucleated cells and freely filtered by the glomeruli, used with creatinine in eGFR equations and linked to HCCAA and fibrosis.
Cystectomy
Cystectomy, also called radical cystectomy, is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder, typically for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, with urinary tract reconstruction by diversion or neobladder.
Cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing protein RAR1
RAR1 (Required for Mla12 resistance 1) is a plant zinc-binding CHORD-domain co-chaperone with two cysteine- and histidine-rich domains that, with Hsp90 and SGT1, stabilizes NLR immune receptors; only its CHORD_II domain binds SGT1.
Cysteine chemoproteomics
Cysteine chemoproteomics encompasses chemical proteomic methods, including isoTOP-ABPP, for quantifying cysteine reactivity in native systems and discovering covalent small-molecule ligands in lysates and intact cells.
Cysteine desulfurase
Cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7; NifS, IscS, SufS, NFS1) is a PLP-dependent homodimeric enzyme converting L-cysteine to L-alanine via an enzyme-bound persulfide, supplying sulfur for iron-sulfur clusters, tRNA thionucleosides, and other cofactors.
Cysteine desulfurase IscS
IscS is the PLP-dependent homodimeric cysteine desulfurase of the bacterial ISC system, converting L-cysteine to alanine and a Cys328 persulfide that supplies sulfur to IscU, tRNA, and thiamine biosynthesis.
Cysteine desulfurase, SufS
SufS is the type II, PLP-dependent cysteine desulfurase of the SUF iron-sulfur cluster assembly pathway, releasing persulfide sulfur from L-cysteine for transfer via SufE or SufU to the SufBC2D scaffold under oxidative stress.
Cysteine protease S273R
Cysteine protease S273R, or pS273R, is the SUMO-1-specific cysteine protease encoded by African swine fever virus; it cleaves the pp220 and pp62 polyproteins into core-shell virion proteins.
Cysteine synthase
Cysteine synthase (O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase, O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase, EC 2.5.1.47) is a PLP-dependent homodimeric enzyme making cysteine from O-acetylserine and sulfide in bacteria and plants, absent from humans.
Cysteine-rich domain
Cysteine-rich domain: protein segments dense in cysteine that bind zinc or iron-sulfur clusters or form disulfide bonds. Covers the Pfam CCG domain (PF02754), RING fingers, Frizzled CRDs, TNFR modules, and disulfide-rich peptides.
Cysteine-rich secretory protein
Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) are 27–29 kDa vertebrate proteins of the CAP superfamily with CAP, hinge, and ion channel regulatory domains, enriched in mammalian sperm and reptile venom, where they regulate ion channels and fertilization.
Cysteine-tRNA ligase
Cysteine-tRNA ligase (CysRS, CARS1/CARS2, cysS) is the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charging tRNA^Cys with cysteine; methanogenic archaea replace it with the SepRS/SepCysS indirect pathway, and human CARS1 mutations cause recessive microcephaly.
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor
Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors (CysLT1/CYSLTR1, CysLT2/CYSLTR2) are class A GPCRs binding LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4; CysLT1 antagonists montelukast, zafirlukast, pranlukast treat asthma, while GPR17 is a dual nucleotide/CysLT receptor.
Cystic diseases of the pancreas
Cystic diseases of the pancreas (ICD-11 DC30) cover pancreatic pseudocysts and cystic neoplasms, chiefly serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and IPMN, found incidentally in up to 45% of imaging series and managed by Fukuoka, AGA, European, and 2024 Kyoto guidelines.
Cystic echinococcosis
Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease, hydatidosis), zoonotic disease from Echinococcus granulosus larvae; dog-sheep cycle; hydatid cysts mainly liver (~80%) and lung (~15%); ~207,000 new cases in 2019.
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF, mucoviscidosis) is an autosomal recessive CFTR-gene disease causing thick mucus in lungs and pancreas; about 40,000 US cases, treated with CFTR modulators like Trikafta since 2019.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CFTR (ABCC7), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: the only ABC transporter functioning as an ion channel, a PKA-activated ATP-gated epithelial chloride channel discovered in 1989, whose defects cause cystic fibrosis and whose modulators treat it.
Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma, also called cystic lymphangioma or macrocystic lymphatic malformation, is a benign congenital lymphatic malformation forming large fluid-filled cysts, usually in the neck, treated by surgery or sclerotherapy.
Cystic leukoencephalopathy without megalencephaly
Cystic leukoencephalopathy without megalencephaly (CLWM) is a rare inherited brain disorder, described in 2005, with temporal lobe cysts, normal head size, and severe psychomotor impairment.
Cystic meniscus
Cystic meniscus (meniscal or parameniscal cyst): fluid collection at the knee meniscus margin, usually with a horizontal tear; prevalence 1–8%, mostly lateral, treated by arthroscopic decompression, excision, or percutaneous drainage.
Cysticercosis
Cysticercosis, tissue infection by Taenia solium larvae (neurocysticercosis when in the brain), acquired from tapeworm eggs not pork; causes about 30% of endemic epilepsy, 2.8 million DALYs.
Cysticercosis of central nervous system
Neurocysticercosis, or cysticercosis of the central nervous system (ICD-11 1F70.0), is Taenia solium larval cyst infection of the brain acquired from fecal-oral tapeworm eggs, causing seizures, hydrocephalus, and stroke; treated with albendazole, praziquantel, steroids, and surgery.
Cysticercus
Cysticercus, also called Cysticercus cellulosae, is the fluid-filled larval (metacestode) stage of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium, with a single invaginated scolex, 5–15 mm long, causing cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis in accidental human hosts.
Cystin-1
Cystin-1 (CYS1, HGNC:18525, UniProt Q717R9) is a 158-aa myristoylated human ciliary protein on chromosome 2p25.1; loss-of-function variants cause ARPKD-like polycystic kidney disease via dysregulated MYC expression.
Cystinuria
Cystinuria is an inherited disorder of amino acid transport in which the kidneys fail to reabsorb cystine, producing recurrent, often large kidney stones that usually begin in the first two decades of life.
Cystitis
Cystitis, bladder inflammation (ICD-11 GC00), usually bacterial with E. coli causing 80-90% of UTIs; classified by EAU as localised UTI, treated with antibiotics or non-antibiotic strategies, and distinct from interstitial, radiation, and chemical cystitis.
Cystobasidiomycetes
Cystobasidiomycetes is a class of Pucciniomycotina yeasts and dimorphic fungi (Basidiomycota), proposed by Bauer et al. 2006, type order Cystobasidiales; includes red carotenoid-producing yeasts, mycoparasites, and lichenicolous Cyphobasidiales, with six orders and over 100 species.
Cystocele
Prolapse of anterior vaginal wall, also called cystocele or prolapsed bladder: descent of the bladder and front vaginal wall from pelvic floor weakness. Common after vaginal childbirth; treated with pelvic floor exercises, pessaries, or anterior colporrhaphy.
Cystogastrostomy
Cystogastrostomy is a surgical or endoscopic procedure creating an opening between a pancreatic fluid collection and the stomach so it drains internally, used mainly for pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis.