Life and health

Cystography

Cystography is an X-ray imaging method in which the urinary bladder is filled with contrast through a catheter to evaluate anatomy, vesicoureteral reflux, and leaks.

Cystoid macular dystrophy, also called dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (DCMD), is a rare autosomal dominant retinal disorder in which cystoid macular edema appears in childhood and progresses to macular atrophy with poor vision.

Cystolithotomy

Cystolithotomy, historically called sectio alta, is open surgery in which the bladder is opened, usually through a lower abdominal incision, to remove stones; transurethral cystolitholapaxy is the distinct route used most often today.

Cystometry

Cystometry is an invasive urodynamic test that measures the pressure–volume relationship of the bladder during filling and voiding, recording sensation, compliance, capacity, and detrusor overactivity.

Cystoplasty

Cystoplasty, or augmentation cystoplasty, is surgery that enlarges the urinary bladder with a patch of intestine, usually detubularized ileum, so it stores more urine at lower pressure.

Cystopteris

Cystopteris (bladder fern, brittle fern) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 20–26 temperate ferns in Cystopteridaceae, named for bladder-like indusia; sister to Acystopteris, with the widespread C. fragilis complex shaped by hybridization and allopolyploidy.

Cystoscopes

A cystoscope is a rigid or flexible tube with a lens and light that is passed through the urethra so a urologist can examine the bladder.

Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy: endoscopic examination of the bladder and urethra via a cystoscope (flexible or rigid) to diagnose hematuria, infections, and bladder cancer, biopsy, or treat tumors and stones; first usable instrument by Nitze in 1877.

Cystotomy

Cystotomy is a surgical incision into the urinary bladder, most often to remove stones; the stone-removal form is called cystolithotomy. Open suprapubic surgery removes large stones completely but needs catheterization and a longer hospital stay.

Cystourethrography

Cystourethrography is a fluoroscopic imaging test in which iodinated contrast is instilled into the bladder to show the bladder and urethra, chiefly to diagnose vesicoureteral reflux in children.

Cystovirus

Cystovirus, genus of enveloped segmented dsRNA bacteriophages (family Cystoviridae) infecting Pseudomonas; type member phage φ6, discovered 1973; tripartite 12.7–15.0 kbp genome packaged S:M:L; split into five genera in 2024.

Oct 22, 2026

CYT-6091

CYT-6091, also known as Aurimune, is an experimental cancer nanomedicine binding tumor necrosis factor and PEG to 27 nm colloidal gold nanoparticles to target tumors.

Oct 20, 2026

Cytadherence high molecular weight protein 2

HMW2 (cytadherence high molecular weight protein 2, hmw2/MPN310) is a 190 kDa coiled-coil cytoskeletal protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae essential for attachment organelle assembly, P1 localization, cytadherence, and gliding motility.

Cytapheresis

Cytapheresis is a therapeutic apheresis procedure that selectively removes specific blood cells, such as white cells, platelets, or red cells, while returning the remaining blood to the patient.

Cytarabine

Cytarabine (Ara-C, cytosine arabinoside, Cytosar-U, NSC 63878) is a marine-origin nucleoside analog chemotherapy drug, FDA-approved 1969, that inhibits DNA polymerase as ara-CTP and anchors the 7+3 AML induction regimen.

Cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen

The cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen, known as 7+3, combines seven days of cytarabine with three days of daunorubicin and is standard induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia.

Cytidine-to-uridine RNA editing

Cytidine-to-uridine RNA editing, also called C-to-U or cytosine-to-uracil editing, is RNA deamination catalyzed by APOBEC1 with cofactors A1CF and RBM47, first seen on apolipoprotein B mRNA in 1987, widespread in plant organelles, and now engineered into programmable editors like RESCUE and RECODE.

Cytisus

Cytisus (brooms), Fabaceae genus of Eurasian and North African shrubs including Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius); conserved name from 1798, ~30-48 accepted species, invasive in North America and Australia.

Oct 20, 2026

Cytisus scoparius

Cytisus scoparius, commonly known as Scotch broom, is a yellow-flowered legume shrub native to Europe, planted for ornament and now an invasive weed on most continents.

Cytochrome

Cytochrome: heme proteins transferring electrons via iron oxidation-reduction, named by Keilin in 1925 after MacMunn's 1884-1886 myohematin; classes a, b, c; central to respiration, apoptosis, and P450 drug metabolism.

Cytochrome b5

Cytochrome b5 (CYB5A, cyt b5) is a small ~17 kDa heme-bearing membrane hemoprotein and electron carrier for P450 oxygenases and desaturases; mammalian microsomal (134 aa), mitochondrial (146 aa), and erythrocyte soluble (98 aa) isoforms exist.

Cytochrome b5-like heme/steroid binding domain

Cytochrome b5-like heme/steroid binding domain (SMART SM00117, InterPro IPR001199): conserved histidine-coordinated heme-binding fold in cytochromes b5, progesterone receptors, and chitin synthases; b5 augments CYP17A1 17,20-lyase in steroidogenesis.

Cytochrome b561/ferric reductase, transmembrane domain

Cytochrome b561/ferric reductase, transmembrane domain (InterPro IPR006593): conserved six-helix eukaryotic membrane domain with two heme b groups that transfers electrons from ascorbate to reduce ferric iron or monodehydroascorbate.

Cytochrome b562

Cytochrome b562 (cybC) is a soluble, periplasmic four-helix-bundle heme protein of Escherichia coli that binds heme b non-covalently via Met7 and His102, unlike covalent c-type relatives such as cytochrome c'.

Cytochrome c

Cytochrome c is a small water-soluble heme protein of the mitochondrial intermembrane space that carries single electrons from complex III to complex IV and, when released to the cytosol, triggers apoptosis via APAF-1 and caspase-9.

Cytochrome c oxidase

Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CcO) is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial and bacterial respiratory chain, reducing O2 to water and pumping protons; its heme a3-CuB center, D/K/H proton channels, and unresolved coupling mechanism distinguish it.

Oct 20, 2026

Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1

COA1 (Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 1, MITRAC15, C7orf44) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein required for assembly of respiratory complex IV and complex I; yeast Coa1 links Cox1 translation to cofactor insertion, and human variants cause complex IV deficiency.