72,234 articles
Cytophotometry
Cytophotometry: microscope-based quantification of stained or fluorescent cell components, chiefly Feulgen-stained DNA, founded on Caspersson's 1930s microspectrophotometry; static single-cell ancestor of flow and image cytometry.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm: all material inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus; cytosol plus organelles. A crowded, 20-30% macromolecule-occupied medium organized by cytoskeletal transport, streaming, and phase-separated condensates.
Cytoplasmic male sterility
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited, mitochondrion-encoded plant trait suppressing viable pollen, counteracted by nuclear Rf restorer genes; used in three-line hybrid seed production of maize, rice, sugar beet, and Brassicaceae, notably Ogura CMS.
Cytoplasmic mRNA localization
Cytoplasmic mRNA localization is the directed transport of messenger RNA to specific cytoplasmic sites, using zipcodes, RNA-binding proteins, and molecular motors, from bacteria to neurons.
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), UUUUA(1-2)U motif in mRNA 3'UTRs, also called CPE; bound by CPEB1-4 proteins, present in 20-30% of vertebrate genes, controls poly(A) tail length and translation in oocytes, neurons, and cancer.
Cytoprotection
Cytoprotection: protection of cells or tissues from injury by agents acting separately from a drug's main effect. Coined by Robert (1979) for prostaglandin gastric protection; extended to oncology (leucovorin, amifostine, dexrazoxane) and stroke.
Cytoreductive nephrectomy
Cytoreductive nephrectomy is the surgical removal of the kidney bearing a renal tumor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, performed to reduce tumor burden before or alongside systemic therapy rather than to cure.
Cytoreductive surgery
Cytoreductive surgery is an abdominal operation that removes all visible tumor from peritoneal surfaces, usually combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, to treat peritoneal spread of abdominal cancers.
Cytosine
Cytosine is one of the four nucleotide bases of DNA and RNA, a pyrimidine that pairs with guanine and, when methylated, helps regulate gene expression.
Cytosine permease
Cytosine permease (CodB, codB gene, UniProt P0AA82) is the E. coli inner-membrane NCS1 transporter that imports cytosine in a sodium-dependent way, part of the codBA operon with cytosine deaminase.
Cytoskeletal and membrane-remodeling homologs in Asgard archaea
Asgard archaea, the closest archaeal relatives of eukaryotes, encode actin, tubulin, profilin, and ESCRT-III homologs, including a Lokiactin cytoskeleton in 'Candidatus Lokiarchaeum ossiferum' and 5-protofilament microtubules.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is the dynamic network of protein filaments, actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, that gives a cell shape and drives transport, movement, and division.
Cytosol
Cytosol: the intracellular fluid of the cytoplasm left after removing organelles and insoluble components; also called cell sap. Site of glycolysis, fatty acid and nucleotide synthesis, and free-ribosome protein synthesis; crowded, with hindered anomalous diffusion.
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor, Rho-activating domain
The Rho-activating domain is the C-terminal catalytic region (residues 720–1014) of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) from E. coli, a deamidase with a V833-C866-H881 triad that permanently activates RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42 GTPases.
Cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell (cytotoxic T lymphocyte, killer T cell): CD8+ adaptive immune lymphocyte that kills virus-infected and cancerous cells via MHC I-restricted recognition and perforin-granzyme and Fas pathways; basis of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
CTLA-4 (CD152), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4: an inhibitory T-cell receptor binding CD80/CD86, removing them by trans-endocytosis; target of ipilimumab and abatacept, 2018 Nobel topic.
Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity, the toxicity of a substance to cells, is measured in vitro with assays such as MTT, LDH release, neutral red uptake, and ATP assays; it underpins drug screening, chemical safety, and ISO 10993 medical device biocompatibility testing.
Cytotoxicity assay
A cytotoxicity assay is a laboratory method in cell biology that measures whether a compound or immune cell kills cultured cells, via membrane damage, metabolic activity, or ATP readouts.
Czechoslovakian Wolfdog
Czechoslovakian Wolfdog (Československý vlčák, CSV): FCI breed No. 332 created in 1955 Czechoslovakia by crossing German Shepherds with Carpathian wolves for border patrol; wolf-like look, dog genome, Slovak patronage.
D Alarcón-Segovia
Donato Alarcón-Segovia (1935–2004) was a Mexican rheumatologist and clinical immunologist who founded and led the Department of Immunology and Rheumatology at Mexico City's Salvador Zubirán institute.
D_CareGiver trial
D_CareGiver (NCT02685787), Early Counseling and Support for Alzheimer's Disease Caregivers, an Umbria, Italy multicenter PROBE randomized trial comparing six-session counselor-led psychosocial support plus telephone follow-up against Alzheimer's education for caregivers, primary outcome Zarit Burden Inventory at 6, 12, 24 months; status unknown, no published results.
D-17
D-17 (D17, CVCL_1916, ATCC CCL-183) is a canine osteosarcoma cell line isolated in 1969 from a lung metastasis in an 11-year-old female poodle, with epithelial morphology, ~22-hour doubling time, a KRAS p.Glu63Lys mutation, and a documented STR misidentification case.
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria
D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA) is a rare neurometabolic disorder with D-2-HG buildup in body fluids. Type I: recessive D2HGDH mutations; type II: dominant de novo IDH2 gain-of-function mutations, with cardiomyopathy.
D-alanine--D-alanine ligase
D-alanine--D-alanine ligase, or Ddl, is a bacterial enzyme that uses ATP to make the D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptide required for cell wall synthesis, a target for new antibiotics.
D-Allulose 3-epimerase
D-Allulose 3-epimerase (D-psicose 3-epimerase, DPEase, EC 5.1.3.30) is the epimerase converting D-fructose to the rare low-calorie sweetener D-allulose at carbon 3; GRAS-notified, immobilized for industrial reuse.
D-allulose-6-phosphate 3-epimerase
D-allulose-6-phosphate 3-epimerase, also known as AlsE or ALSE, is a bacterial enzyme, encoded by alsE in E. coli, essential for D-allose utilization and exploited in metabolic engineering to produce the low-calorie sweetener D-allulose.
D-amino acid oxidase
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO, DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) is an FAD-dependent peroxisomal enzyme that degrades D-amino acids, notably D-serine, via oxidative deamination; it is a schizophrenia drug target and the enzyme behind luvadaxistat and sodium benzoate trials.
D-amino acid oxidase regulator
D-amino acid oxidase regulator (DAOA, G72, pLG72) is a primate-specific human protein on chromosome 13q33.2 that binds D-amino acid oxidase, regulating D-serine degradation; its gene variants are linked to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
D-dimer
D-dimer (fragment D-dimer, fibrin degradation fragment) is a fibrin degradation product measured in blood to rule out deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; standard 500 µg/L cutoff, age-adjusted age×10 cutoff, high sensitivity, low specificity.
D-galactosamine-6-phosphate deaminase AgaS
AgaS (D-galactosamine-6-phosphate deaminase, gene agaS, E. coli P42907) is an SIS-family bacterial enzyme converting GalN-6-P to tagatose 6-phosphate and ammonium in the GalNAc/GalN catabolic pathway; genetic work showed AgaS, not AgaI, is the main deaminase.