72,234 articles
Flagship Pioneering
Flagship Pioneering is a biotechnology venture-creation firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded by Noubar Afeyan, who was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2022.
Flail chest
Flail chest: fracture of 3+ adjacent ribs in 2+ places creating a paradoxically moving chest wall segment after blunt trauma. Treated with analgesia and ventilation; surgical rib fixation reduces ventilator days, pneumonia, and mortality.
Flailing
Flailing: threshing grain by beating sheaves with a flail, a two-stick hinged hand tool (handstaff and swingle), historically yielding 20–40 kg/hour; also mechanical flailing with powered flail mowers and heads for cover crops and vegetation control.
FLAMENCO trial
FLAMENCO (Fitness League Against MENopause COst) trial, NCT02358109: Spanish randomized controlled trial at University of Granada testing a 16-week, 3-day/week multicomponent exercise program in 160 women aged 45-60, improving menopause symptoms, body composition, and quality of life.
Flamingo
Flamingo (Phoenicopteridae, Phoenicopteriformes): six pink filter-feeding wading bird species, sister to grebes in Mirandornithes, split ~43 Mya, Plio-Pleistocene radiation, vortical-trap feeding.
Flaminia Catteruccia
Flaminia Catteruccia is a malaria researcher and Irene Heinz Given Professor at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health who studies how Plasmodium parasites develop inside Anopheles mosquitoes.
Flammekueche
Flammekueche (tarte flambée, Flammkuchen) is an Alsatian thin bread-dough tart with crème fraîche, onions, and lardons, baked about 3 minutes in a wood-fired oven; it originated in the Kochersberg as an oven-heat test.
Flammulina
Flammulina is a genus of slimy-capped agaric fungi in Physalacriaceae, source of cultivated enoki (F. filiformis) and the European velvet shank (F. velutipes), with deadly Galerina lookalikes.
Flap endonuclease 1
Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1, RAD2/MF1/FEN-1) is a structure-specific 5′ nuclease conserved from archaea to humans that removes 5′ DNA flaps during Okazaki fragment maturation and long-patch base excision repair, uses a double-flap substrate and helical-arch threading, and is a cancer biomarker and drug target.
Flap monitoring
Flap monitoring is the postoperative assessment of a transferred tissue flap's perfusion and viability, by bedside exam or devices, to catch vascular compromise early enough for salvage surgery.
Flapjack (oat bar)
Flapjack (oat bar), also called oat bar, cereal bar, or oat slice, is a British baked bar of rolled oats, butter, brown sugar, and golden syrup, set by cooling syrup, distinct from the North American pancake sense of flapjack.
Flash glucose monitoring
Flash glucose monitoring, also called intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring, is a wearable diabetes sensor that reads interstitial glucose from a filament in the upper arm when scanned.
FLASH radiotherapy
FLASH radiotherapy is a radiation therapy technique delivering doses at ultra-high dose rates above 40 Gy/s, over 1000 times faster than conventional radiotherapy, killing tumors normally while reducing normal tissue injury, with first-in-human treatment in 2018.
Flat feet
Flat feet, also known as pes planus, is a common condition in which the foot's arch is diminished or absent, and it usually needs no treatment.
Flat-coated Retriever
The Flat-coated Retriever, or Flatcoat, is a British gundog breed with a flat-lying black or liver coat, developed in the 19th century to retrieve game birds.
Flatfish
Flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), also called flounders, soles, and halibuts, are asymmetrical benthic fishes whose both eyes migrate to one side during metamorphosis; over 500 species, commercially important, with Atlantic halibut endangered.
Flatidae
Flatidae, flatid planthoppers, a family of Fulgoroidea planthoppers with over 300 genera and nearly 1,500 species, two subfamilies (Flatinae, Flatoidinae), worldwide but mainly tropical, including about 20 crop pest species such as Metcalfa pruinosa.
Flattened rice
Flattened rice, also called poha, aval, or chiura, is parboiled dehusked rice pressed into dry flakes that rehydrate in minutes. Sold in thin and thick grades, it is a South Asian breakfast staple and often iron-fortified.
Flatulence
Flatulence (flatus, farting) is passing intestinal gas through the rectum; normal at 8–14 times daily, caused by swallowed air and colonic bacterial fermentation, odor from sulfur compounds, managed by diet and low-FODMAP changes.
Flatworm
Flatworm (Platyhelminthes): phylum of over 20,000 species of acoelomate, flattened worms, both free-living planarians and parasitic flukes and tapeworms; known for planarian regeneration via neoblasts and the parasitic Neodermata clade.
Flatworm biology
Flatworms, phylum Platyhelminthes, are soft-bodied, bilaterally symmetrical animals with no body cavity, no circulatory or respiratory organs, and a flattened shape; about 80 percent of species are parasitic.
FLAURA trial
FLAURA (NCT02296125): phase 3 trial of first-line osimertinib versus gefitinib or erlotinib in 556 patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC; median PFS 18.9 vs 10.2 months, significant overall survival benefit, basis for FLAURA2.
Flavanone
Flavanone, also called 2,3-dihydroflavone or 2-phenyl-4-chromanone, is the parent compound of the flavanones, a flavonoid subclass distinguished by a saturated C ring and predominant in citrus, where hesperidin and naringin occur.
Flavin
A flavin is a yellow, water-soluble organic compound built on 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine, a class including the vitamin riboflavin and its cofactor derivatives FMN and FAD, which can accept electrons one or two at a time.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a riboflavin-derived redox cofactor and prosthetic group of flavoprotein enzymes, with four redox states including FADH2; distinct from diffusible NAD+, it drives beta-oxidation, complex II electron transfer, and FAD metabolism disorders such as MADD.
Flavin analogs and riboflavin antagonists
Flavin analogs are compounds structurally related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) that act as enzyme antagonists or engineered cofactors, ranging from the natural antibiotic roseoflavin to the archaeal cofactor F420.
Flavin cofactor biosynthesis
Flavin cofactor biosynthesis is the enzymatic pathway that builds riboflavin (vitamin B2) from GTP and ribulose 5-phosphate, then converts it into the cell's working cofactors FMN and FAD.
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), also known as riboflavin 5′-phosphate, is a phosphorylated form of the vitamin riboflavin that serves as a tightly bound redox cofactor in oxidoreductase enzymes.
Flavin redox chemistry
Flavin redox chemistry is the oxidation–reduction chemistry of the flavin cofactors FAD and FMN, derivatives of vitamin B2, which transfer electrons one or two at a time.
Flavio Vincenti
Flavio Vincenti is a transplant nephrologist at the University of California, San Francisco, on the faculty since 1976, known for clinical trials of belatacept and a past president of the American Society of Transplantation.