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Flexible ureterorenoscopy
Flexible ureterorenoscopy is an endoscopic urological procedure in which a steerable flexible scope reaches the kidney to treat stones, first-line for renal calculi up to 2 cm.
Flexible ureteroscopy
Flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) is an endoscopic urological procedure in which a steerable flexible scope reaches the kidney to diagnose and treat stones, strictures, and urothelial cancers.
Flexion deformity
Flexion deformity, also called flexion contracture (ICD-11 FA31.2, ICD-10 M21.2), is a bent joint that cannot be straightened actively or passibly due to structural changes in muscle, tendon, ligament, or skin; common in knee osteoarthritis, neuromuscular disease, and brachial plexus birth injury, treated by stretching, bracing, casting, or surgery.
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), deep forearm flexor muscle; flexes DIP joints of the four medial fingers, dual median/ulnar innervation, inserts on distal phalanges; site of jersey finger and quadrigia.
Flexor retinaculum of the hand
Flexor retinaculum of the hand, also called the transverse carpal ligament: fibrous band forming the carpal tunnel roof, attached to scaphoid, trapezium, pisiform, and hamate hook, retaining nine flexor tendons and the median nerve; released in carpal tunnel surgery.
FLG-AS1
FLG-AS1 (FLG antisense RNA 1, ENSG00000237975, HGNC 27913, now CCDST) is a human lncRNA gene at 1q21.3 antisense to FLG, linked to psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and several cancers via miRNA axes.
FLI1
FLI1 (Friend leukemia integration 1, Fli-1) is an ETS-family transcription factor gene on chromosome 11q24.3 governing hematopoiesis, endothelial development, and platelets; hemizygous loss causes Paris-Trousseau syndrome, and EWSR1::FLI1 fusion drives most Ewing sarcoma.
Flibanserin
Flibanserin (Addyi) is a daily 5-HT1A agonist/5-HT2A antagonist pill for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women, FDA-approved 2015 for premenopausal women and expanded December 2025 to women under 65; boxed warning for alcohol-related hypotension.
Flight of ideas
Flight of ideas (Ideenflucht) is a formal thought disorder of rapid, loosely linked topic shifts in pressured speech, a DSM-5 manic episode criterion in bipolar disorder, distinct from the subjective experience of racing thoughts.
Flightless bird
Flightless birds are bird species descended from flying ancestors that lost flight, evolving independently at least 150 times. Living examples include ostriches, emus, kiwis, penguins, and the kakapo; human-caused extinctions hid far greater past diversity.
Flindokalner
Flindokalner (BMS-204352, MaxiPost), a fluoro-oxindole potassium channel opener by Bristol-Myers Squibb; BK and Kv7.2-7.5 activator that failed phase III trials for acute ischemic stroke.
Flint corn
Flint corn (Zea mays indurate), also called Indian corn, is hard-vitreous-endosperm maize with convex kernels; popcorn is a flint type. Lower yielding than dent corn but higher in protein and digestible amino acids, it dominates Brazilian and high-latitude production.
FLNA
FLNA (filamin A), Xq28 gene encoding a 280 kDa actin-crosslinking, mechanosensing cytoskeletal protein. Loss-of-function variants cause FLNA deficiency with periventricular nodular heterotopia; gain-of-function variants cause otopalatodigital spectrum disorders.
FLNB
FLNB (filamin B) is a human gene at 3p14.3 encoding an actin-binding cytoskeletal protein; loss-of-function variants cause spondylocarpotarsal synostosis, gain-of-function variants cause Larsen syndrome and atelosteogenesis.
Floater
Floater (eye floater, myodesopsia): a dark spot, thread, or cobweb drifting across vision, caused by vitreous strands casting retinal shadows. Usually harmless; sudden new floaters with flashes signal possible retinal tear.
Floating-Harbor syndrome
Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS, FLHS, OMIM 136140): rare autosomal dominant disorder from truncating SRCAP exon 33/34 mutations, causing short stature, delayed bone age, expressive language delay, and distinctive triangular face with bulbous nose.
Flocculation Tests
Flocculation tests are serological precipitin assays in which antigen-antibody complexes form visible clumps over a narrow antigen-antibody ratio. Key examples: VDRL and RPR syphilis tests and the Ramon Lf test for toxoid vaccines.
Flocculin 11 domain
Flocculin 11 domain (Flo11 domain, Pfam PF10182): the N-terminal homophilic adhesion domain of yeast Flo11p/Muc1p, a fibronectin type III-like fold with aromatic bands, distinct from PA14 flocculin domains.
Flocoumafen
Flocoumafen (Storm, Strategem; CAS 90035-08-8) is a second-generation 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant rodenticide developed in the early 1980s, inhibiting vitamin K epoxide reductase; rat oral LD50 about 0.25 mg/kg, WHO class IA, EU-approved as a candidate for substitution.
Flomoxef
Flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S, フロモキセフ; Flumarin) is an oxacephem beta-lactam antibiotic developed by Shionogi, approved in Japan in 1988, active against ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, renally excreted, and rejected for the WHO essential medicines list in 2023.
Floppy eyelid syndrome
Floppy eyelid syndrome (FES), also called lax eyelid condition-related syndrome, is an underdiagnosed eyelid laxity disorder with easy upper-lid eversion, chronic papillary conjunctivitis, and strong association with obesity and obstructive sleep apnea.
Floppy iris syndrome
Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS), also called floppy iris syndrome, is a triad of billowing iris, iris prolapse, and progressive miosis during cataract surgery, strongly linked to tamsulosin (Flomax) use for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Flora E. van Leeuwen
Flora E. van Leeuwen, known in the Netherlands as Floor van Leeuwen, is a Dutch cancer epidemiologist at the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam who has researched cancer risk factors there since 1981.
Flora M. Vaccarino
Flora M. Vaccarino is a physician-scientist and stem-cell biologist at Yale University who pioneered three-dimensional brain organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells in 2012, modeling autism and Tourette syndrome.
Flora of Chile
The flora of Chile (Flora de Chile) is the roughly 4,655 native vascular plant species of Chile, about 40% endemic, shaped by isolation between the Atacama Desert, Andes, and Pacific.
Flora of China
Flora of China (《中国植物志》英文修订版), English revision of FRPS; 25 text volumes, 1994–2013, Missouri Botanical Garden and Science Press; catalogs 31,362 Chinese vascular plant species.
Flora of Ireland
Flora of Ireland: the island's native and naturalized plants. Notable for 797 bryophyte species in a cool moist climate, a vascular flora poorer than Britain's (74 British natives absent), Red List No. 14 (2025), and Flora (Protection) Order 2022.
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory
Flora of the Australian Capital Territory: the plants, fungi, and lichens of the ACT around Canberra, documented in the CANB-based Census (2,866 species, 2019) and protected under the Nature Conservation Act 2014.
Flora of Western Australia
Flora of Western Australia: about 13,000 vascular plant species, ~10,000 named, centered on the Southwest Australian Floristic Region biodiversity hotspot; documented by the Western Australian Herbarium, WA Plant Census, and Florabase.
Flora Peyvandi
Flora Peyvandi is an Italian hematologist at the University of Milan who led the SIPPET and HERCULES trials and served as ISTH President from 2022 to 2024.