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Ganoderma
Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus of wood-decay polypore fungi (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales), typified by G. lucidum, the reishi/lingzhi medicinal mushroom; 250 to over 400 species, laccate or non-laccate fruiting bodies, notoriously difficult taxonomy.
Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) beta-glucans
Beta-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum (reishi, lingzhi): beta-(1,3)/(1,6) glucose polysaccharides used as a food ingredient; GRAS-recognized for mycelium-derived material under FDA GRN 413 at 150 mg per serving.
Ganoderma orbiforme
Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden 2000, a laccate polypore fungus (Polyporaceae) and earliest valid name for a species complex including G. cupreum and G. mastoporum; sometimes, but no longer validly, synonymized with the oil palm pathogen G. boninense.
Ganoderma zonatum
Ganoderma zonatum, palm butt rot fungus described by Murrill 1902 in Florida; lethal white rot of the lower 4–5 feet of palm trunks, diagnosed by shelf-like conks; no cure, replant palms elsewhere.
Gantenerumab
Gantenerumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against amyloid-beta that Roche and Genentech developed for early Alzheimer's disease; its phase 3 trials failed in 2022.
Ganwei (live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine)
Ganwei (感维) is Changchun BCHT Biotechnology's live attenuated herpes zoster vaccine, the first domestic zoster vaccine approved in China (January 2023) and the first worldwide for adults 40 and older, given as a single 0.5 ml subcutaneous dose.
Ganwu (nasal-spray live attenuated influenza vaccine)
Ganwu (感雾®) is Changchun BCHT's freeze-dried trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine, China's first nasal-spray flu vaccine, approved for ages 3–17, 0.2 mL per dose, with registration-trial efficacy of 41.6%.
Gap junction
A gap junction, also known as a communicating junction or macula communicans, is a cluster of intercellular channels that lets ions and small molecules pass between cells.
Gap junction alpha-5 protein (Cx40)
Gap junction alpha-5 protein (connexin 40, Cx40), encoded by GJA5 on chromosome 1q21.2, is a connexin gap junction protein expressed in atrial myocardium, the cardiac conduction system, and vascular endothelium; mutations link to atrial fibrillation and heart block.
Gap junction assembly
Gap junction assembly: the cellular process building intercellular connexin channels, from ER synthesis and hexameric connexon oligomerization through Golgi and microtubule trafficking to head-on docking and plaque formation (Reactome R-HSA-190861).
Gap junction beta-1 protein (Cx32)
Gap junction beta-1 protein, connexin 32 (Cx32, GJB1), is a four-transmembrane connexin forming gap junction and hemichannel channels in Schwann cell myelin; GJB1 mutations cause X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease CMT1X.
GAP trial
GAP trial (NCT02602600), liraglutide in women with angina and coronary microvascular dysfunction; open-label study of 33 non-diabetic overweight women at Bispebjerg Hospital; CFVR unchanged, only physical limitation score improved.
GAPA trial
GAPA trial (NCT06238232, GAPA study): a Chinese multicenter randomized trial led by Qifu Li comparing 68Ga-Pentixafor CXCR4 PET/CT with adrenal vein sampling for treating primary aldosteronism patients with adrenal nodules of 1 cm or larger.
GAPDH
GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, gene at 12p13.31) is a conserved glycolytic enzyme and moonlighting protein, long used as a qPCR reference gene despite documented expression variability.
GAPO syndrome
GAPO syndrome (growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, optic atrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic ANTXR1 variants, first described in 1947, with extracellular matrix accumulation and reduced lifespan.
Gar
Gar, family Lepisosteidae: seven predatory freshwater species in genera Atractosteus and Lepisosteus, armored in ganoid scales, air-breathing via vascularized swim bladder; alligator gar reaches 10 ft, 350 lbs and is vulnerable from habitat loss.
GAR domain
GAR domain: two distinct protein features, the ~57-aa Gas2-related microtubule-binding domain of plakin/GAS2 cytolinker proteins (PROSITE PS51460) and the glycine-arginine-rich motif of nucleolar RNA-binding proteins like fibrillarin and GAR1.
Garabed Eknoyan
Garabed Eknoyan, born 1935 in Aleppo, Syria, is an Armenian-born American nephrologist at Baylor College of Medicine, known for the 2002 HEMO dialysis trial and co-chairing the first US dialysis guidelines.
Garadacimab (Andembry)
Garadacimab (Andembry, garadacimab-gxii) is CSL Behring's fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody inhibiting FXIIa, approved 2025 in the US and EU to prevent hereditary angioedema attacks in patients 12 and older via monthly subcutaneous injection.
Garantiana
Garantiana is an extinct Upper Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) ammonite genus of Stephanoceratidae, subfamily Garantianinae, type species G. garantiana (d'Orbigny 1845); it indexes the Garantiana Zone used in Jurassic biostratigraphy across Europe, the Caucasus, and Chile.
Garbhacintamani rasa
Garbhacintamani rasa (Garbha cintāmaṇi rasa), an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral pregnancy formulation from Bhaishajya Ratnavali, AFI000490, 250 mg dose, containing mercury and calcined metals; rat studies show dose-dependent toxicity.
Garbhapala rasa
Garbhapala rasa (गर्भपाला रस), also Garbhpal Ras, is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation of cinnabar, lead, tin, and iron bhasmas with herbs, used for pregnancy disorders; commercial samples have tested high in lead and mercury.
Garcia
Garcia (Vahl ex Rohr, 1792) is a two-species genus of Euphorbiaceae shrubs and trees native from Mexico to Brazil, including Garcia nutans (false tungoiltree), whose oil-rich seeds are used medicinally and studied as a drying oil.
Garcinia
Garcinia (Clusiaceae, Malpighiales) is a pantropical genus of latex-bearing dioecious trees and shrubs, first published by Linnaeus in 1753, with hundreds of species including the mangosteen, kokum, and gamboge-yielding plants.
Garcinia gummi-gutta
Garcinia gummi-gutta, also sold as garcinia cambogia or Malabar tamarind, is a tropical evergreen tree of the Western Ghats whose sour fruit rind flavors fish curries.
Garcinia indica
Garcinia indica (kokum), Western Ghats endemic tree of Clusiaceae; dried rind used as souring agent, seeds yield kokum butter; contains hydroxycitric acid and garcinol; IUCN vulnerable.
Garcinia kola
Garcinia kola (bitter kola, false kola) is a Clusiaceae tree of West and Central Africa whose resin-rich seeds are chewed and used in folk medicine; its compounds show animal-model pharmacology but no confirmed human clinical efficacy.
Gardasil
Gardasil is Merck's quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine, FDA-approved in 2006 as the first cervical cancer-preventing vaccine; Gardasil 9 (2014) adds five types and is the only HPV vaccine in the U.S.
Gardasil 9
Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) is Merck's recombinant HPV vaccine covering types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, FDA-approved 2014 for ages 9 through 45 to prevent HPV-related cancers, precancerous lesions, and genital warts.
Garden
Garden: enclosed ground cultivated for fruit, flowers, or vegetables. Covers domestic, botanic, community, and rain gardens; key facts include 1,775 botanic gardens in 148 countries and over 728,000 hectares of British gardens.