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Gary W. Small
Gary W. Small is an American psychiatrist and geriatric psychiatry researcher known for the first brain imaging of Alzheimer's amyloid and tau proteins in living people and APOE-4 studies.
Gary Yellen
Gary Yellen is a biophysicist and neuroscientist at Harvard Medical School, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2024, known for ion channel biophysics and metabolic biosensors.
Gas exchange
Gas exchange, also called gaseous exchange, is the biological process by which organisms take up oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide produced by aerobic metabolism.
Gas fermentation
Gas fermentation is a bioprocess in which microorganisms convert carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen into chemicals and fuels, most commonly ethanol, recycling industrial waste gases.
Gas gangrene
Gas gangrene, or clostridial myonecrosis, is a rapidly fatal muscle infection caused by toxin-producing Clostridium, chiefly C. perfringens, treated by urgent debridement plus penicillin and clindamycin.
Gas Scavengers
Gas scavengers (anesthetic gas scavenging systems, AGSS) capture waste anesthetic gases from anesthesia circuits and ventilators. Active vacuum and passive charcoal designs cut room concentrations about 71%, protecting staff from N2O and halogenated agents.
GAS5
GAS5 (growth arrest specific 5, SNHG2) is a human long non-coding RNA gene at 1q25.1 that hosts snoRNAs, decoys the glucocorticoid receptor via a GRE mimic, and acts as a tumor suppressor downregulated in many cancers.
GAS6
GAS6 is a human gene on chromosome 13 that encodes Gas6, a vitamin K-dependent protein that activates the TAM receptor Axl and is implicated in thrombosis and cancer.
Gasdermin
Gasdermins (GSDMA-E plus PJVK/DFNB59) are pore-forming proteins executing pyroptosis; protease cleavage releases an N-terminal domain that oligomerizes into membrane pores, releasing IL-1β and IL-18.
Gasdermin-E
GSDME (gasdermin E, DFNA5, ICERE-1), human gene at 7p15.3 encoding a pore-forming gasdermin; caspase-3 cleavage converts apoptosis to pyroptosis; mutations cause autosomal dominant hearing loss; promoter methylation links it to cancer.
Gasflame nudibranch
The gasflame nudibranch (Bonisa nakaza) is a colorful sea slug found only in South African waters, from the Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth, reaching 10 cm in length.
Gasserian ganglion block
A Gasserian ganglion block is a percutaneous injection of anesthetic or neurolytic agents into the trigeminal ganglion through the foramen ovale, most often to relieve trigeminal neuralgia.
Gasteroid Amanita segregates (Torrendia and Amarrendia)
Gasteroid Amanita segregates, formerly the genera Torrendia and Amarrendia, are enclosed-spored fungi from the Mediterranean and Australia that DNA studies showed nest within Amanita, which absorbed them in 2010.
Gasteroid fungi
Gasteroid fungi, historically called Gastromycetes, are basidiomycete fungi, including puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, and false truffles, that produce spores internally; molecular studies show the group is polyphyletic, not a natural lineage.
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Gasterosteus aculeatus, the three-spined stickleback, is a small ray-finned fish living in marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats across the temperate Northern Hemisphere, and a model for studying parallel evolution.
Gaston K. Rivera
Gaston K. Rivera is a pediatric hematology-oncology researcher at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis whose 1986 relapse study and 1991 reinforced-early-treatment trial shaped childhood ALL therapy.
Gaston Ramon
Gaston Ramon (1886–1963) was a French veterinarian and biologist at the Institut Pasteur who discovered toxoid vaccination, the flocculation test, and vaccine adjuvants, and holds the record for Nobel Prize nominations without winning.
Gastornis
Gastornis, also known historically as Diatryma, is an extinct genus of giant flightless herbivorous birds of the Paleogene of Europe, North America, and Asia, the largest terrestrial tetrapods of Paleocene Europe, named by Hébert in 1855.
Gastrectomy
Gastrectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach, most often serving as curative treatment for gastric adenocarcinoma, performed through various methods.
Gastric acid
Gastric acid, or stomach acid, is the hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells of the stomach lining, keeping stomach pH near 1.5 to digest protein and kill microbes.
Gastric Acidity Determination
Gastric acidity determination, also called gastric analysis or stomach acid test, measures free and total acid in stomach contents via tube aspiration and titration or telemetric pH capsules, quantifying basal and maximal acid output in mEq/hr.
Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach
GAPPS, gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach, is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary gastric cancer syndrome caused by APC promoter 1B point mutations, causing hundreds of fundic gland polyps in the proximal stomach with 12-25% gastric cancer risk and no colorectal polyposis.
Gastric antral vascular ectasia
Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), or watermelon stomach, is a rare antral vascular malformation causing iron-deficiency anemia and GI bleeding, treated endoscopically with argon plasma coagulation, band ligation, or radiofrequency ablation.
Gastric Balloon
Gastric balloon (intragastric balloon, IGB): temporary space-occupying stomach device for obesity, inducing satiety by delayed gastric emptying. Includes Garren-Edwards bubble history, Orbera, Obalon, Elipse devices, efficacy and FDA safety alerts.
Gastric bypass surgery
Gastric bypass surgery, chiefly the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), is a bariatric operation creating a small stomach pouch joined to the small intestine; introduced by Edward Mason in the 1960s, it yields about 31.5% body-weight loss at 3 years and diabetes remission, distinct from sleeve gastrectomy.
Gastric dilatation volvulus
Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV, bloat, gastric torsion) is a life-threatening canine emergency in which the gas-distended stomach twists on its mesenteric axis, causing shock; it mainly affects large deep-chested breeds and requires decompression, surgery, and gastropexy.
Gastric diverticulum
Gastric diverticulum (stomach diverticulum) is a rare outpouching of the gastric wall, usually congenital, in the posterior fundus. Mostly asymptomatic and incidental; symptomatic GD is a diagnosis of exclusion, treated with PPIs or laparoscopic resection.
Gastric electrical stimulation
Gastric electrical stimulation is an implanted treatment delivering electrical pulses to the stomach wall to reduce nausea and vomiting in drug-refractory gastroparesis, FDA-approved since 2000.
Gastric Emptying
Gastric emptying, the evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum, normally takes about 4 hours for 90% of a meal. Measured by scintigraphy (reference standard), 13C breath test, or wireless motility capsule to diagnose gastroparesis or dumping syndrome.
Gastric erosion
Gastric erosion (erosion of stomach, ICD-11 DA60.0) is a superficial mucosal breach not penetrating the muscularis mucosae, usually caused by NSAIDs, aspirin, alcohol, or H. pylori, diagnosed at endoscopy and treated with acid suppression.