72,234 articles
Gilles Thomas (French geneticist)
Gilles Thomas was a French geneticist and cancer researcher who helped found cancer genetics in France, directing work that identified genes for Ewing sarcoma and Crohn's disease; he died in 2013.
Gillian L. Booth
Gillian L. Booth is a Canadian endocrinologist at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto who studies how socioeconomic status, walkability, and health-care access shape diabetes risk and its cardiovascular complications.
Gillian M. Griffiths
Gillian M. Griffiths is an immunologist and cell biologist known for showing how cytotoxic T cells kill via secretory lysosomes; she joined Yale as chair in 2025.
Gillian P. Bates
Gillian P. Bates is a British molecular neuroscientist at University College London who helped clone the Huntington's disease gene and created its first mouse models.
Gills and suspension feeding in bivalves
The gills (ctenidia) of bivalves such as mussels, oysters, and clams drive water currents with cilia, capture particles, and sort food before it reaches the mouth.
Gilt-head bream
Gilt-head bream (Sparus aurata; dorade royale, dorada), a Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic sparid fish and protandrous hermaphrodite, is the leading farmed finfish of Mediterranean aquaculture, with Greece and Turkey producing 72% of world output.
Gilteritinib
Gilteritinib (brand name Xospata) is an oral FLT3 inhibitor approved in the United States in 2018 for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia with an FLT3 mutation.
GIM11-BERGI trial
GIM11-BERGI (NCT02175446) is an Italian Gruppo Italiano Mammella phase II single-arm trial of eribulin plus bevacizumab as second-line therapy for HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer after first-line paclitaxel-bevacizumab, reporting 24.6% response rate and 6.2-month median PFS.
Gimeracil
Gimeracil (CDHP, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine), a DPD inhibitor in the oral anticancer drug S-1/Teysuno with tegafur and oteracil (1:0.4:1), prolongs 5-FU activity for gastric and colorectal cancer.
Gimistotug
Gimistotug (BGB-A445) is a BeiGene/BeOne IgG1 monoclonal antibody OX40 (TNFRSF4/CD134) agonist that does not block OX40-OX40L binding; investigational intravenous cancer immunotherapy in phase 1-2 solid tumor trials, not approved.
Gina G. Turrigiano
Gina G. Turrigiano is an American neuroscientist at Brandeis University, a MacArthur Fellow and National Academy of Sciences member known for discovering synaptic scaling, a form of homeostatic plasticity.
Gina M. MacDonald
Gina M. MacDonald is an American biochemist and Associate Professor of Chemistry at James Madison University, a 1999 PECASE recipient who studies nucleotide binding and protein function.
Ginés Morata
Ginés Morata is a Spanish developmental biologist, Research Professor at CSIC's Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa in Madrid, known for Drosophila work including the discovery of cell competition.
Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale), spice from the plant's rhizome, family Zingiberaceae; native E. Himalaya to S. Central China; pungency from gingerols and shogaols; strongest clinical evidence for pregnancy nausea.
Gingipain
Gingipains are trypsin-like cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major cause of chronic periodontitis, serving as its principal virulence factors and drug targets linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
Gingival enlargement
Gingival enlargement, also called gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy (ICD-11 DA0D.1), is abnormal gum overgrowth, most often drug-induced by phenytoin, cyclosporine, or calcium channel blockers, managed by plaque control, drug change, azithromycin, or surgery.
Gingival fibromatosis-aortic root dilatation-facial dysmorphism-intellectual disability syndrome
Liang-Wang syndrome, also called LIWAS, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by KCNMA1 variants, marked by gum overgrowth, aortic root dilatation, facial dysmorphism, and intellectual disability.
Gingival fibromatosis-hypertrichosis syndrome
Gingival fibromatosis-hypertrichosis syndrome (CGHT, OMIM 135400) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder causing generalized gum overgrowth from birth or childhood with excessive hair growth on the face, limbs, and back; candidate locus 17q24.2-q24.3, ABCA5.
Gingival graft
A gingival graft is a periodontal surgical procedure in which tissue, usually from the patient's palate, is transplanted to widen attached gingiva or cover exposed tooth roots.
Gingival recession
Gingival recession: apical displacement of the gum margin beyond the cemento-enamel junction exposing the root. Also called periodontal recession; affects 81% of adults at ≥1 mm; treated by connective tissue grafting with coronally advanced flap.
Gingival Retraction Techniques
Gingival retraction techniques (retraction cords, pastes, gels, laser troughing) temporarily displace gum tissue to expose subgingival margins for dental impressions; cords displace more, pastes and lasers traumatize less.
Gingival ulceration
Gingival ulceration (gum ulcer, ulceration of gingivae; ICD-11 DA0D.5, SNOMED CT 71262003) is epithelial loss on the gums with crateriform appearance, caused by trauma, infection such as necrotizing gingivitis, immune disease, or cancer.
Gingivectomy
Gingivectomy is a periodontal surgical procedure that removes diseased or excess gum tissue to eliminate pockets, treating gum disease, drug-induced gingival overgrowth, and a gummy smile.
Gingivitis
Gingivitis, gum inflammation, is the earliest, reversible stage of periodontal disease caused by dental plaque biofilm. Affects 38-85% of adults; causes bleeding, red swollen gums, bad breath; treated by plaque removal.
Gingivoplasty
Gingivoplasty is periodontal surgery that reshapes gum tissue into a physiologic contour, usually after gingivectomy; used in crown lengthening, esthetics, and gingival enlargement, by scalpel or laser.
Ginkgo
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, maidenhair tree, yinxing) is the sole living species of Ginkgoales, a Chinese living fossil tree, Endangered in the wild, with motile-sperm fertilization and leaf extract lacking proven health benefits.
Ginkgo biloba (银杏)
Ginkgo biloba (银杏), the maidenhair tree, sole living species of Ginkgoales: a living-fossil gymnosperm with fan-shaped dichotomously veined leaves, EGb 761 extracts, toxic MPN-containing seeds, and debated dementia evidence.
Ginkgoales
Ginkgoales, an order of gymnosperm seed plants including Ginkgo biloba, the only living species; fossil record from the Permian (~270 Ma), Late Triassic radiation, Jurassic-Early Cretaceous diversity, Laurasian origin, organ-reduction trend.
Ginkgotoxin
Ginkgotoxin (4′-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN) is a vitamin B6 antivitamin in Ginkgo biloba seeds; it inhibits pyridoxal kinase, lowers GABA, and causes vomiting and seizures treated with pyridoxine.
Gino Roberto Corazza
Gino Roberto Corazza is an Italian physician-scientist in internal medicine and gastroenterology at the University of Pavia, known for his work on coeliac disease and villous atrophy.