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Giant papillary conjunctivitis
Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), also called contact lens-associated papillary conjunctivitis (CLAPC), is an inflammation of the upper tarsal conjunctiva with giant papillae, mainly in contact lens wearers, causing itching, mucus, and lens intolerance.
Giant platelet disorder
Giant platelet disorder, also called macrothrombocytopenia: inherited platelet disorders with abnormally large platelets and low counts, chiefly Bernard-Soulier syndrome (GPIb-V-IX defect, autosomal recessive) and MYH9-related disorders (MYH9 gene, autosomal dominant).
Giant salamander
Giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Chinese Andrias spp., Japanese Andrias japonicus, and North American hellbenders; the largest living amphibians, skin-breathing, Jurassic-origin, threatened river salamanders.
Giant Schnauzer
Giant Schnauzer (Riesenschnauzer, formerly Munich Schnauzer): largest of the three Schnauzer breeds, a German cattle-driving and guard dog from Bavaria, AKC-recognized 1930, 25.5-27.5 in males, first of its breed to win Westminster Best in Show (Monty, 2025).
Giant squid
Giant squid (Architeuthis dux), a deep-sea squid up to about 12-13 m verified length, with the largest eyes in the animal kingdom; preyed on by sperm whales, first filmed alive in its habitat in 2012.
Giant squid in popular culture
Giant squid in popular culture: the kraken, Sea Monks, Verne's 20,000 Leagues squid, Disney's 1954 model, Pirates of the Caribbean, and how Architeuthis moved from myth to filmed fact.
Giant tortoise
Giant tortoise: the huge island tortoises of Galápagos (Chelonoidis) and Aldabra (Aldabrachelys gigantea), up to 573 lb, over 100 years old, keystone herbivores now central to island rewilding.
Giant trevally
The giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) is a large marine fish of the jack family Carangidae, widespread in the tropical Indo-Pacific and popular as a commercial fish and gamefish.
Giant virus
Giant viruses, also called NCLDVs or Nucleocytoviricota, are dsDNA eukaryotic viruses with genomes over 500 kb; mimivirus was found in 2003, Pithovirus reaches 1.5 micrometers, and phylogenomics shows gigantism evolved from smaller viruses independently.
Giant-cell myocarditis
Giant-cell myocarditis (GCM), also called giant cell myocarditis, is a rare T cell–mediated autoimmune inflammation of the heart causing fulminant failure and arrhythmias; diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy, treated with combined immunosuppression, and often requiring transplant.
Gianvito Martino
Gianvito Martino is an Italian neurologist and neuroimmunologist, born 1962 in Bergamo, who studies stem cell therapies for multiple sclerosis and led the first neural stem cell trial.
Giao Q. Phan
Giao Q. Phan is a surgical oncologist and cancer immunotherapy researcher whose 2003 study reported complete melanoma regressions from CTLA-4 blockade, cited by the 2018 Nobel Committee.
Giardia
Giardia (Giardia duodenalis, syn. G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) is a flagellated intestinal protozoan parasite causing giardiasis, a diarrheal disease spread by chlorine-resistant cysts in contaminated water, food, and fecal-oral contact; treated with tinidazole or metronidazole.
Giardiasis
Giardiasis, also called giardia infection, is diarrheal illness from the protozoan Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia), spread via fecally contaminated water, food, or person-to-person contact; treated with tinidazole, metronidazole, or nitazoxanide.
Gibberella
Gibberella (teleomorph of Fusarium), ascomycete genus in Hypocreales; source of gibberellins from G. fujikuroi and crop pathogens such as G. zeae causing ear rot and DON, zearalenone, fumonisin mycotoxins.
Gibberella zeae
Gibberella zeae, sexual stage of Fusarium graminearum, causes Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley and maize ear rot, producing DON and zearalenone mycotoxins; billions in losses, regulated worldwide.
Gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs), tetracyclic diterpenoid plant hormones named after Gibberella fujikuroi, promote stem elongation, germination, and flowering; perceived by GID1 receptors, they trigger DELLA degradation and oppose ABA in seed dormancy.
Gibbon
Gibbons (family Hylobatidae), the lesser apes of South and Southeast Asia: 20 species in four genera, pair-living, brachiating, duet-singing apes, all threatened, with a 70 percent population decline since 1980.
Gibbula
Gibbula Risso, 1826 is a Mediterranean genus of small marine top-shell snails (Trochidae, Cantharidinae), type species G. magus; since a 2017 revision many former species belong to Steromphala or Phorcus.
Gibson assembly
Gibson assembly, also called isothermal DNA assembly, is a 2009 single-tube cloning method by Daniel Gibson (JCVI) using T5 exonuclease, polymerase, and ligase to seamlessly join overlapping DNA fragments, from plasmids to the 1.1 Mbp Mycoplasma mycoides genome.
Gideon A. Rodan
Gideon A. Rodan (1934–2006) was a Romanian-born bone biologist who directed bone biology and osteoporosis research at Merck and helped bring Fosamax, the first bisphosphonate approved for osteoporosis, to market.
Gideon Dreyfuss
Gideon Dreyfuss is a biochemist and Isaac Norris Professor at the University of Pennsylvania whose lab discovered the hnRNP proteins and the SMN complex, whose deficiency causes spinal muscular atrophy.
Gideon Goldstein
Gideon Goldstein is an immunologist and molecular biologist known for co-discovering ubiquitin in 1975 and for isolating thymopoietin, a hormone of the thymus, at Sloan-Kettering.
Gideon Lack
Gideon Lack is a British pediatric allergist, Professor of Paediatric Allergy at King's College London, known for the LEAP trial showing that feeding peanut to high-risk infants prevents peanut allergy.
Gideon M. Hirschfield
Gideon M. Hirschfield is a hepatologist who directs the Autoimmune Liver Disease Program at Toronto General Hospital and led the 2024 phase 3 seladelpar trial for primary biliary cholangitis.
Gideon Rechavi
Gideon Rechavi (Hebrew: גדעון רכאבי) is an Israeli physician-scientist in cancer genomics who heads the Sheba Cancer Research Center and won the 2020 Israel Prize.
Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain, a Romanowsky stain developed by Gustav Giemsa in 1904 from azure B and eosin Y, is the WHO-recommended stain for malaria microscopy and chromosome banding, stained at pH 7.2.
Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot (1865–1946), first chief of the U.S. Forest Service under Theodore Roosevelt, founder of the Yale Forest School and Society of American Foresters, twice governor of Pennsylvania, and champion of utilitarian conservation, dismissed by Taft after the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.
Giganotosaurus
Giganotosaurus carolinii, giant carcharodontosaurid theropod from the Cenomanian Candeleros Formation, Patagonia; discovered 1993 by Rubén Carolini, described by Coria and Salgado 1995; about 12.5 m long, 6–8 tonnes, rivaling Tyrannosaurus rex.
GIGANTEA
GIGANTEA (GI) is a plant-specific nuclear protein and circadian clock gene, first found as a late-flowering Arabidopsis mutant; it links the clock to photoperiodic flowering via CO and FT and controls stress responses.