166 articles
Cardenolide
A cardenolide is a 23-carbon steroid toxin of plant origin defined by a five-membered lactone ring, one of the two classes of cardiac glycosides and source of the drugs digoxin and digitoxin.
Castor oil
Castor oil, also known as castor bean oil, is a non-edible vegetable oil pressed from castor seeds, roughly 90% ricinoleic acid, valued industrially and as a laxative.
Cellulose acetate butyrate
Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) is a thermoplastic mixed cellulose ester, a commercial product since 1938, valued for moisture and weathering resistance in coatings and molded plastics.
Cholesteryl benzoate
Cholesteryl benzoate is an ester of cholesterol and benzoic acid, the first known liquid crystal: Reinitzer's 1888 study of its two melting points began liquid crystal research.
Cholesteryl ester
A cholesteryl ester is a lipid formed when a fatty acid attaches to cholesterol, making up about two-thirds of plasma cholesterol and serving as its storage and transport form.
Citrate and tartrate esters
Citrate and tartrate esters are the ester derivatives of citric and tartaric acid: citrates serve mainly as plasticizers and food additives, while tartrates supply chirality in asymmetric synthesis.
Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM)
CITREM (E 472c, citroglycerides): food emulsifier of glycerol esterified with citric acid and edible fatty acids; made at 125-155°C; FDA GRAS via GRNs 222, 511, 899, used in infant formula.
Clofibrate
Clofibrate, marketed as Atromid-S, is a lipid-lowering fibrate developed by Imperial Chemical Industries in the 1950s; the WHO trial's excess non-cardiovascular mortality and gallstone risk led to its withdrawal.
Cordite
Cordite is a family of smokeless propellant explosives developed in Britain in 1889 by Frederick Abel and James Dewar, made by gelatinizing nitrocellulose with nitroglycerine.
Cortisone Acetate
Cortisone acetate is the acetate ester of cortisone, a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and hormone-replacement drug; an inactive precursor, it is converted by the liver to cortisol.
Coumarin
Coumarin, also called 1,2-benzopyrone, is a colorless crystalline compound with the sweet odor of new-mown hay, first isolated from tonka beans in 1820 and used as a perfume fixative.
Cyhalothrin
Cyhalothrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used to control insects and mites in agriculture and public health; its best-known commercial form, lambda-cyhalothrin, acts by altering sodium channels in insect nerves.
Cytochalasin B
Cytochalasin B is a fungal metabolite that binds the barbed end of actin filaments and inhibits glucose transport, serving as a standard research probe and positive control.
Desonide
Desonide, also marketed as Desowen, Desocort, Tridesilon, and Desonate, is a synthetic nonfluorinated low-potency topical corticosteroid used at 0.05% strength to treat inflammatory skin conditions since 1972.
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) is an odorless, oily phthalate ester used as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride, sold only as about 20% of a commercial C6–10 phthalate mixture.
Diazinon
Diazinon, also sold as Dimpylate or Basudin, is a synthetic organophosphate insecticide with formula C12H21N2O3PS, registered in 1956 and phased out of residential use by 2004 over health risks.
Dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a manufactured phthalate ester, a colorless oily liquid used chiefly as a plasticizer in plastics, paints, and adhesives, and formerly in nail polish.
Diethyl carbonate
Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is a colorless carbonate ester liquid used as a solvent, fuel additive, and reactant in organic synthesis, and as a low-viscosity co-solvent in lithium-ion battery electrolytes.
Diethyl malonate
Diethyl malonate, also called diethyl propanedioate or malonic ester, is a colorless liquid ester of malonic acid used as a building block in organic synthesis and as a flavoring and fragrance ingredient.
Diethyl phthalate
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a clear, colorless, nearly odorless liquid ester of phthalic acid used as a plasticizer for cellulose films and as a solvent and fixative in perfumes and cosmetics.
Diisononyl phthalate
Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a mixture of branched C9 phthalate esters, used mainly as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride in flooring, cable, and coated products.
Diketene
Diketene, the dimer of ketene, is a toxic, reactive C₄H₄O₂ liquid with a strained β-lactone ring, used industrially to make acetoacetic acid derivatives for dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and polymers.
Dimethyl malonate
Dimethyl malonate is the dimethyl ester of malonic acid, a colorless liquid whose acidic central methylene underlies the malonic ester synthesis used to build pharmaceuticals and fragrances.
Dimethyl oxalate
Dimethyl oxalate is the dimethyl ester of oxalic acid, a crystalline solid made industrially by coupling carbon monoxide with methyl nitrite and hydrogenated to ethylene glycol.
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is the dimethyl ester of phthalic acid, a colorless oily liquid used as a plasticizer and solvent and once widely as an insect repellent.
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethyl sulfate (DMS), the dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid, is a colorless, oily liquid used industrially as a methylating agent in chemical manufacture, classified as a probable human carcinogen.
Dimethyl terephthalate
Dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) is the dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid, an aromatic compound with formula C₁₀H₁₀O₄ used principally to make polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and a product of PET methanolysis recycling.
Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) is a synthetic phosphatidylcholine with two saturated 14-carbon myristoyl chains and a phase transition near 24 °C, widely used in liposomes and model membranes for membrane studies and drug delivery.
Dodecyl acetate
Dodecyl acetate (lauryl acetate, acetate C-12, CAS 112-66-3) is the C12 fatty alcohol acetate ester, C14H28O2, a waxy citrus-rose odor liquid used as a flavoring agent, fragrance ingredient, and EU-approved low-risk insect attractant pheromone.
Drostanolone propionate
Drostanolone propionate, also called dromostanolone propionate and sold as Masteron, Drolban, and Masteril, is an injectable anabolic-androgenic steroid once used to palliate recurrent breast cancer.