Esters

n-propyl acetate

n-Propyl acetate, also 1-propyl acetate, is the acetate ester of acetic acid and propan-1-ol, a flammable liquid with a fruity, pear-like odor used as a solvent.

Nandrolone decanoate, best known as Deca-Durabolin, is a long-acting intramuscular ester of the anabolic steroid nandrolone, approved to treat the anemia of renal insufficiency and, in some countries, osteoporosis.

Nandrolone phenylpropionate

Nandrolone phenylpropionate, also called nandrolone phenpropionate or Durabolin, is a short-acting injectable ester of the anabolic steroid nandrolone, once marketed by Organon and now discontinued.

Nitrate ester

A nitrate ester, also called an organic nitrate, is an organic compound in which a nitrate group is attached through oxygen, formed by nitrating alcohols and used in explosives and vasodilators.

Nitrocellulose

Nitrocellulose, also called cellulose nitrate or guncotton, is a nitrate ester of cellulose first made by Schönbein in 1846, used in lacquers, plastics, membranes, and gun propellants.

Octyl methoxycinnamate

Octyl methoxycinnamate, also known as octinoxate or ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, is an organic cinnamate ester developed in the 1950s that absorbs UV-B radiation in sunscreens and skin care products.

Oligomycin

Oligomycin is a group of toxic macrolide antibiotics produced by Streptomyces that inhibits ATP synthase, and serves as a standard laboratory tool for measuring mitochondrial respiration.

Palmitoleic acid concentrate

Palmitoleic acid concentrate: purified fish-oil fatty acid ethyl esters standardized to about 50% palmitoleic acid (omega-7, 16:1 n-7), GRAS under FDA GRN 494 (Tersus, 2014) and covered by TGA compositional guidelines for listed medicines.

Paraben

Parabens are a family of esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid used widely as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food and beverage processing since the mid-1920s, with methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben the most common.

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as nitropenta, is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, a white crystalline solid used as a powerful explosive and as a vasodilator drug for angina.

PETG

PETG, or polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified, is an amorphous thermoplastic copolyester in which some ethylene glycol is replaced with CHDM, keeping it transparent and tough; the CHDM also makes it a popular, less brittle 3D printing filament.

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also called TPA, is a potent phorbol ester from croton oil that mimics diacylglycerol and is widely used to activate protein kinase C in cells.

Phosphonate

A phosphonate, also known as a phosphonic acid, is an organophosphorus compound with a direct carbon–phosphorus bond, the basis of antibiotics like fosfomycin, herbicides, and bisphosphonate osteoporosis drugs.

Phthalate

A phthalate is an ester of phthalic acid, made industrially by reacting phthalic anhydride with alcohols, used above all as a plasticizer that softens otherwise brittle polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Phthalates

Phthalates, also called phthalate esters, are esters of phthalic acid used mainly as plasticizers that make PVC flexible; 6 to 8 million tons are produced yearly.

Polyethylene furanoate

Polyethylene furanoate (PEF), formally poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate), is a 100% biobased polyester, first synthesized in 1946, developed as a renewable alternative to PET for bottles, films, and fibers.

Polysorbate 60

Polysorbate 60, known commercially as Tween 60, is a synthetic nonionic surfactant called polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate, serving as an emulsifier and stabilizer in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Propyl acetate

Propyl acetate, or propyl ethanoate, is the acetate ester of acetic acid and propanol, a colorless liquid with a fruity odor used mainly as a solvent in inks and coatings.

Psoralen

Psoralen is a plant-derived furocoumarin found in celery, figs, and parsley that becomes phototoxic under UVA light and is used in PUVA therapy for psoriasis and vitiligo.

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) is PET plastic, chiefly from post-consumer bottles, reprocessed mainly by mechanical recycling into flakes, pellets, fiber, or new bottles, with polyester fiber its largest end use.

Retinyl palmitate

Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, the main storage form of vitamin A and a common supplement ingredient.

Shellac

Shellac is a natural resin secreted by the lac insect of India and Thailand, refined into flakes used as a wood finish, food glaze, and pharmaceutical coating.

Sodium formate

Sodium formate (HCOONa, CAS 141-53-7, INS 237) is the sodium salt of formic acid, made from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide; used in food packaging, fermented dairy cultures (GRN 668, 20 ppm), swine and poultry feed, silage, and pesticides.

Sodium pentaborate

Sodium pentaborate (CAS 12007-92-0, B5NaO8) is a sodium borate salt, once a plant growth regulator and herbicide for apple russetting, now not EU-approved, also an oilwell cement retarder and investigational drug (SPP).

Sucrose esters of fatty acids

Sucrose esters of fatty acids (SFAE, sugar esters, E 473) are nonionic biodegradable surfactants from sucrose and fatty acids, used as food emulsifiers since the 1950s and in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Sulfamate ester

A sulfamate ester is an organic compound bearing the R–O–SO₂–NR group, an ester of sulfamic acid, best known as the pharmacophore of steroid sulfatase inhibitors for hormone-dependent cancers.

Sulfite ester

A sulfite ester, also called an organosulfite or alkyl sulfite, is the diester of sulfurous acid, RO–S(=O)–OR, including cyclic members like ethylene sulfite used as lithium-ion battery electrolyte additives.

Sulfonate

A sulfonate is a salt or ester of a sulfonic acid; its esters, such as tosylates, mesylates, and triflates, rank among the best leaving groups in organic synthesis.

Tartrate

Tartrate is the dianion of tartaric acid; its salts and esters appear as crystals in wine, as EU food additives, and in Pasteur's 1848 discovery of molecular chirality.