5,021 articles
Lifted index
The lifted index (LI) is a meteorological stability index measuring lower-troposphere instability by lifting a surface air parcel to 500 mb; negative values indicate instability and stronger updrafts.
Light field imaging
Light field imaging is an imaging method that records both where light rays strike the sensor and their directions, enabling refocusing, depth maps, and 3D reconstruction after capture.
Light pillar
A light pillar is a vertical shaft of light above or below a light source, caused by flat plate-shaped ice crystals in cold air reflecting it; over the Sun it is called a sun pillar, over the Moon a moon pillar.
Light pollution
Light pollution, also known as photopollution or obtrusive lighting, is the harmful effect of artificial light at night, including skyglow and glare, on astronomy, ecosystems, and health.
Lightning
Lightning, also called lightning discharge, is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere or to the ground, heating the air it passes through to 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Lightning detection network
A lightning detection network is a system of ground-based radio sensors that locates lightning strokes by their electromagnetic signals, computing position, time, and peak current.
Lightning mapping
Lightning mapping is a set of observational techniques that locate VHF radiation sources from lightning discharges in three dimensions and time, using networks of GPS-synchronized radio receivers.
Lightning records
Lightning records are officially evaluated extreme lightning events, certified by the World Meteorological Organization and Guinness World Records, including an 829 km flash across the United States in 2017.
Lightning strike
A lightning strike is an electrical discharge between a cloud and the ground, carrying currents of tens of thousands of amperes for a fraction of a second.
Lihir Gold Mine
The Lihir Gold Mine is a large open-pit gold mine on Aniolam Island in Papua New Guinea's New Ireland Province, wholly owned by Newmont and producing gold since 1997.
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate, formed from shells and mud on ocean and lake bottoms, and widely used to make Portland cement and lime.
Limnologica
Limnologica is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the ecology and management of inland waters, published by Elsevier and closely associated with the German Society for Limnology.
Limnological journals
Limnological journals are scholarly periodicals that publish research on inland waters such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands, with Limnology and Oceanography the flagship since 1956.
Limnology
Limnology, also called freshwater science, is the study of inland waters, including lakes, rivers, wetlands, and groundwater, as ecological systems linked to their drainage basins.
Limnology and Oceanography
Limnology and Oceanography is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, covering the study of inland waters and the sea.
Lineament analysis
Lineament analysis is a remote sensing and structural geology method that maps linear surface features such as faults from satellite imagery and DEMs to infer subsurface geological structure.
Lineation
Lineation is any repeated, penetrative alignment of linear elements in a rock, the linear counterpart of foliation in structural geology; stretching lineations track maximum elongation and help predict ore shoot geometry.
Liquid water path
Liquid water path is a measure of the weight of liquid cloud droplets in the atmosphere above a unit surface area, routinely retrieved from microwave radiometers.
LISFLOOD
LISFLOOD is an open-source, GIS-based hydrological model, developed by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre since 1997, that simulates the water balance of large river basins.
List of Atlantic hurricane records
The list of Atlantic hurricane records compiles the most intense, longest-lived, deadliest, and costliest storms in the Atlantic basin since 1851, from Hurricane Wilma to Katrina.
List of Australian tornadoes
Australia records about 50 tornadoes per year, most in remote areas, including an F4 at Bucca, Queensland, in 1992 and a deadly 1918 tornado in Melbourne.
List of Brazil tornadoes
Brazil experiences tornadoes mainly in its southern and southeastern states; tornadoes have been recorded since 1807, and the August 1959 outbreak was the deadliest in South America.
List of California hurricanes
The list of California hurricanes covers tropical storms affecting California, where no hurricane has made landfall; notable events include storms in 1858, 1939, 1976, and 2023.
List of California wildfires
Wildfires in California are cataloged by CAL FIRE in ranked lists of the largest, most destructive, and deadliest fires; the August Complex of 2020 burned over 471,000 acres.
List of Canadian tornadoes in 2026
The list of Canadian tornadoes in 2026 covers the season's 110 confirmed tornadoes, well above the average of about 65, including an EF3 at Tulliby Lake, Alberta, on July 11.
List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
The list of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes covers Atlantic storms with sustained winds of 130 to 156 mph on the Saffir-Simpson scale, from records beginning in 1851.
List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
The list of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes covers the 45 storms reaching winds above 157 mph since 1924, with a record four in 2005 and three in 2025.
List of cities by Köppen climate classification
List of cities by Köppen climate classification: city assignments under the Köppen-Geiger system (A tropical, B arid, C temperate, D cold, E polar), e.g. Phoenix BWh, Atlanta Cfa, Minneapolis Dfa, with 1-km maps and 1991-2020 normals as the data basis.
List of cloud types
The list of cloud types is the World Meteorological Organization's classification of clouds into ten genera, from cirrus to cumulonimbus, published in the International Cloud Atlas.
List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes ranks storms by estimated U.S. damage adjusted for inflation, led by Katrina (2005) at $201.3 billion, ahead of Harvey and Ian.