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List of United States tornadoes in April 2026
The list of United States tornadoes in April 2026 covers a preliminary 306 tornado reports and one death, including an EF-4 tornado that struck Enid, Oklahoma.
List of Virginia hurricanes
List of Virginia hurricanes covers tropical cyclones affecting the state since 1635; hurricanes strike about every 2.3 years, and Camille in 1969 killed 153 people.
List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
The list of volcanic eruptions by death toll, also called the list of deadly volcanic eruptions, ranks eruptions by deaths, led by Tambora in 1815 at 92,000 and Krakatau in 1883 at 36,000.
List of volcanoes in Indonesia
The list of volcanoes in Indonesia covers the archipelago's roughly 500 volcanoes, 127 of them active as of 2025, formed along the Sunda and Banda arcs.
List of Washington (state) tornadoes
The list of Washington state tornadoes covers 136 recorded since 1950, mostly weak and east of the Cascades; the deadliest, the 1972 Vancouver tornado, killed six people.
List of weather records
The list of weather records covers officially recognized extremes such as Death Valley's 134 °F heat and Vostok's −128.6 °F cold, certified by the World Meteorological Organization.
List of wildfires
The list of wildfires, also called the list of bushfires, catalogs notable wildfires chiefly in North America and Europe, including the 1988 Yellowstone fires and the 2025 Southern California fires.
Lists of volcanoes
Lists of volcanoes: catalogs of volcanic features organized by name, country, elevation, type, or activity status. Key sources are the Smithsonian GVP (1,214 Holocene-active volcanoes), NOAA NCEI (over 1,600 locations, over 800 eruptions), and USGS GVP-linked records.
Lithification
Lithification is the conversion of loose sediment into solid sedimentary rock, typically through compaction and cementation by minerals from pore waters, forming rocks such as sandstone and limestone.
Lithium Americas Corp
Lithium Americas Corp is a Canadian-incorporated lithium development company whose principal asset is Thacker Pass, a sedimentary claystone lithium deposit in the McDermitt Caldera, Humboldt County, Nevada.
Lithium brines
Lithium brines are lithium-rich saline groundwaters beneath dry salt flats and salt lakes, pumped and concentrated in evaporation ponds; they supply about three-fourths of world lithium production.
Lithology
Lithology is the description of rocks by observable physical characteristics such as color, mineral composition, grain size, texture, and degree of cementation; it defines lithostratigraphic units.
Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the Earth's rigid outer shell, comprising the crust and uppermost mantle; broken into tectonic plates, it is where essentially all earthquakes occur.
Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary
The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is the boundary in the uppermost mantle between the rigid lithosphere forming the tectonic plates and the ductile asthenosphere on which the plates move.
Little Giant Fire
The Little Giant Fire was a lightning-caused wildfire that began in July 2026 in Chelan County, Washington, burning 172,906 acres between the Chiwawa and Entiat rivers.
Little Ice Age
The Little Ice Age, also called the mini ice age, was a period of cooler climate from about 1300 to 1850, when glaciers advanced and the coldest decades came in the 17th century.
Littoral cell
A littoral cell, also called a sediment cell or coastal compartment, is a length of coastline whose sediment movement is largely self-contained, a unit used for calculating sediment budgets.
Lizardite
Lizardite is a trigonal magnesium phyllosilicate mineral of the serpentine subgroup, alongside chrysotile and antigorite, forming during low-temperature alteration of ultramafic rocks and named for the Lizard peninsula, Cornwall.
LKAB
LKAB (Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB) is a Swedish mining company wholly owned by the state since 1976, producing iron ore from underground mines at Kiruna and Malmberget.
Llaima
Llaima, Chilean stratovolcano in Araucania's Southern Volcanic Zone, 3,125-3,179 m, one of South America's most active with about 56 eruptions since 1852; last erupted 2007-2009, main hazard lahars.
Loam
Loam, also known as loam soil, is a soil texture class with a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, conventionally about 40 percent sand, 40 percent silt, and 20 percent clay.
Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter
The Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) is a data assimilation algorithm introduced by Hunt, Kostelich, and Szunyogh in 2007 that combines model forecasts with observations.
Local Law 97 (New York City)
Local Law 97 is a 2019 New York City law setting greenhouse gas emissions limits on most large buildings over 25,000 square feet, reaching net zero by 2050.
Loess
Loess (Löss) is wind-deposited silt sediment, typically 60–90% silt-sized, that covers roughly 6.6% of land and forms some of the world's most fertile soils.
Log-Pearson type III distribution
The log-Pearson type III distribution (LP-III or LP3) is a probability distribution used in flood frequency analysis, the standard method in the United States since 1967.
London Clay
London Clay, or London Clay Formation, is an Early Eocene marine clay formation underlying much of southern England, known for its fossils and as the tunnelling medium beneath London.
Long profile
A long profile of a river is a plot of channel elevation against distance downstream, a diagnostic of tectonic uplift, rock resistance, and base level changes.
Longitude
Longitude is the geographic coordinate measuring distance east or west of the prime meridian at Greenwich, expressed in degrees and counted up to 180 in each direction.
Longitudinal connectivity
Longitudinal connectivity is the upstream–downstream dimension of river connectivity, allowing water, sediment, nutrients, and organisms to move freely along the channel; dams are its leading cause of loss.
Longshore drift
Longshore drift is the transport of sand and gravel along a coastline by waves approaching the shore at an angle, moving material in a zigzag path.