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Brucejack Mine
The Brucejack Mine is an underground gold-silver mine 65 km north of Stewart in northwest British Columbia, Canada, owned by Newmont and producing since 2017.
Brucite
Brucite is a magnesium hydroxide mineral, Mg(OH)₂, described in 1824 from New Jersey serpentine and named for Archibald Bruce; it reacts readily with CO₂ for mineral carbonation.
Bubble plume
A bubble plume is a vertical, buoyancy-driven flow formed when gas is released through a diffuser at the bottom of a stratified lake, mixing water layers as it rises.
Budyko framework
The Budyko framework is a fundamental hydrological theory, formalized by Soviet climatologist Mikhail Budyko in 1974, that explains long-term partitioning of precipitation between evapotranspiration and runoff from a catchment's aridity.
Bulk Richardson number
The bulk Richardson number (BRN) is a dimensionless ratio of convective available potential energy to vertical wind shear, used in storm forecasting to distinguish supercells from multicell storms.
Bulk shear
Bulk shear is the magnitude of the vector wind difference between two fixed atmospheric levels, one of the most widely used shear measures in thunderstorm forecasting.
Bulk silicate Earth
Bulk silicate Earth, or primitive mantle, is the geochemical reference composition of Earth's silicate portion, the mantle plus crust, serving as the starting point for estimating the whole Earth's composition.
Buntsandstein
Buntsandstein, German for "colored sandstone," is the lower of the three rock groups of the Germanic Trias across the Central European Basin, named around 1780 by Abraham Gottlob Werner for its red sandstones.
Buoyancy engine
A buoyancy engine is a propulsion device used in profiling floats and underwater gliders that changes the vehicle's volume to sink or rise without a propeller.
Burdigalian
The Burdigalian is the second Miocene stage, spanning about 20.45 to 15.98 million years ago; it takes its name from Burdigala, the Latin name of Bordeaux.
Bureau of Meteorology
The Bureau of Meteorology is the Australian Government agency for weather, water, climate, ocean, and space weather information. Established in 1908, it is headquartered in Melbourne.
Burgess Shale
The Burgess Shale, or Burgess Shale Formation, is a fossil-bearing rock unit in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, famous for soft-part preservation of Middle Cambrian animals.
Burial dating
Burial dating is a geochronological method that estimates how long quartz-bearing sediment or artifacts have been buried by measuring decay of cosmogenic nuclides, covering roughly 0.1 to 5 million years.
Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as burmite, Kachin amber, or Myanmar amber, is fossil tree resin from the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar, about 99 million years old.
Burned area mapping
Burned area mapping is the remote sensing analysis that identifies land areas affected by fire from satellite imagery, producing maps of fire extent rather than snapshots of active fires.
Burns' Day Storm
The Burns' Day Storm, also known as Cyclone Daria, was a European windstorm that struck the British Isles and northwest Europe on 25 January 1990, killing 47 people.
Burrow
A burrow is a hole or tunnel dug by an animal into soil, sediment, or other soft substrate, used for shelter, reproduction, food storage, or movement.
Bushfires in Australia
Bushfires in Australia, also called Australian wildfires, are unplanned vegetation fires driven by hot, dry winds and flammable eucalypts; the deadly Black Summer of 2019–20 burned about 104,000 km².
Bushveld Igneous Complex
The Bushveld Igneous Complex is a vast layered igneous intrusion in northern South Africa, formed about 2.05 billion years ago and hosting most of the world's platinum.
Butajiri-Silti Field
Butajiri-Silti Field (Ābaya Isate Gemora YeFelek'ebet) is a basaltic monogenetic volcanic field of cinder cones, maars, and lava flows, 80 km long, on the western margin of Ethiopia's Main Ethiopian Rift near Butajira.
Butte
A butte is an isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small flat top, formed by erosion of a plateau or mesa, typically in arid regions.
Buyan-Bratan
Buyan-Bratan is a volcanic complex in north-central Bali, Indonesia, dominated by the Bratan (Catur) caldera, an 11 by 6 km depression holding three caldera lakes.
C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, known as C40 Cities, is a network of city governments founded in 2005 that now spans 97 cities representing 700 million people.
Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research
The Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) is a Dutch atmospheric observatory in Utrecht province, run by KNMI around a 213 m meteorological tower since 1972.
Cable route survey
A cable route survey is the hydrographic and geophysical investigation of a planned submarine cable corridor before installation, confirming the desktop-study route is safe, buildable, and suitable for burial.
Cabled seafloor observatory
A cabled seafloor observatory is a permanent seafloor installation connected to shore by electro-optical cable that supplies power and returns instrument data in real time.
Cabochon
A cabochon, also called en cabochon, is a gemstone polished into a smooth dome rather than cut with facets, often chosen for opaque or translucent stones.
Cadia Mine
Cadia Mine, also known as Cadia Valley Operations, is a large gold and copper mine near Orange in New South Wales, Australia, owned by Newmont Corporation since 2023.
Calabrian (stage)
The Calabrian is the second stage of the Pleistocene, defined by a GSSP at Vrica in Calabria, Italy, with a base dated at 1.80 million years ago.
Calbuco
Calbuco is an active andesitic stratovolcano (1,974 m) in the Chilean lake district at 41.33°S, 72.618°W, ranked Chile's third most dangerous volcano; it erupted sub-Plinian in April 2015 after 54 years of quiescence.