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Calcari di Monte San Michele Formation
Calcari di Monte San Michele Formation: Cretaceous to lower Eocene carbonate platform limestones of the Carso isontino near Gorizia, Italy, defined by Martinis (1962), source of the Pietra di Aurisina building stone, later replaced by finer stratigraphic units.
Calcite
Calcite, also known as calcareous spar, is a common calcium carbonate mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system; it forms limestone and marble, and clear Iceland spar shows strong double refraction.
Calcium carbonate saturation horizon
The calcium carbonate saturation horizon is the ocean depth where seawater is exactly saturated with calcium carbonate, with separate horizons for calcite and the more soluble aragonite.
Caldera
A caldera is a large volcanic depression, formed when the ground collapses into a magma chamber emptied by eruption; collapses over 1 km across are calderas.
Caledonian orogeny
The Caledonian orogeny was a Paleozoic mountain-building episode in which Laurentia, Baltica, and Avalonia collided as the Iapetus Ocean closed, mainly between 490 and 390 million years ago.
CALIPSO (satellite)
CALIPSO, a joint NASA and French CNES Earth-observation satellite launched in 2006, used a spaceborne lidar to profile clouds and aerosols, ending its mission in 2023.
Callaqui
Callaqui is a 3,099-m ice-capped stratovolcano in Chile's Southern Andean Volcanic Arc, built along an 11-km SW-NE fissure with up to 16 craters; confirmed eruptions in 1751 and 1980.
Cambisols
Cambisols are a soil group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, moderately developed soils that are among the most widely used agricultural soils on earth.
Cambrian
The Cambrian, also called the Cambrian Period, is the first period of the Paleozoic Era, from 538.8 to 485.4 million years ago, when most major animal groups first appeared in the Cambrian explosion.
Camp Fire (2018)
The Camp Fire was a November 2018 wildfire in Butte County, California, and the deadliest and most destructive in state history, killing 85 people and destroying most of Paradise.
Campanian (stage)
The Campanian is a stage of the Late Cretaceous epoch, the fifth of six, spanning roughly 83.6 to 72.1 million years ago and named after Champagne in France.
Campos Basin
The Campos Basin (Bacia de Campos) is an offshore sedimentary basin off southeastern Brazil and one of the world's most prolific oil producers, first commercially discovered in 1974.
Canadian Hydrographic Service
The Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) is Canada's hydrographic office, a Fisheries and Oceans Canada division founded in 1883 that surveys Canadian waters and produces official nautical charts, tide tables, and sailing directions.
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
The Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, also known as CMOS, is Canada's national society advancing atmospheric and oceanic sciences, founded in 1967 and based in Ottawa.
Canadian Shield
The Canadian Shield, also known as the Laurentian Plateau or Bouclier canadien, is a vast region of exposed Precambrian rock covering 32 percent of Canada's land area.
Canary Current
The Canary Current is a wind-driven eastern boundary current flowing southward along northwest Africa and Iberia, driving one of the world's four major coastal upwelling systems.
Canopy cover
Canopy cover is the proportion of ground or stream surface covered by the vertical projection of vegetation canopies, a standard metric in forestry and stream monitoring.
Canopy interception
Canopy interception is the capture and temporary retention of precipitation by a vegetation canopy, typically 10% to 30% of gross rainfall, evaporating or reaching the ground as throughfall or stemflow.
Carbon capture and utilization
Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is the set of technologies that capture carbon dioxide and convert it into products such as fuels, chemicals, polymers, and building materials, rather than storing it underground.
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle, also called the global carbon cycle, is the continuous exchange of carbon among Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land, organisms, and rocks, with fast and slow components.
Carbon cycle feedback
A carbon cycle feedback is a climate process in which warming changes carbon flows between air, land, and ocean, which then amplifies or damps the warming.
Carbon dioxide removal
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR), also called carbon removal, is the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere and durable storage, by planting trees or direct air capture.
Carbon Disclosure Project
CDP, formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project, is a not-for-profit founded in London in 2000 that collects self-reported climate, water, and forests data from over 25,800 organizations.
Carbon emission trading
Carbon emission trading, also called cap and trade, is a market-based climate policy in which governments set an emissions cap and companies buy or sell tradable allowances.
Carbon farming
Carbon farming is a set of agricultural land-management practices that capture atmospheric carbon in soils, biomass, and peatlands, letting farmers earn rewards for the sequestration they provide.
Carbon Leader Reef
The Carbon Leader Reef is a gold- and uranium-bearing conglomerate horizon in the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa, identified in 1932 and named for its carbon seam.
Carbon leakage
Carbon leakage is the shift of CO₂ emissions abroad when strict climate policies push companies to relocate production to countries with weaker constraints, potentially raising global emissions.
Carbon neutrality
Carbon neutrality is the condition in which an entity's carbon dioxide emissions are balanced by equivalent removals or offsets, so the net contribution to the atmosphere is zero.
Carbon offset
A carbon offset is a certificate representing one tonne of CO2 or equivalent reduced, avoided, or sequestered by projects like forest protection and renewable energy, sold in voluntary and compliance markets.
Carbon sink
A carbon sink, or CO2 sink, is any process that removes carbon dioxide or another greenhouse gas from the atmosphere, mainly the ocean and land biosphere.