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Centerra Gold
Centerra Gold is a Canadian gold and copper mining company headquartered in Toronto, formed in 2004 from Cameco's gold assets, operating mines in British Columbia and Türkiye.
Central African Orogenic Belt
The Central African Orogenic Belt, also called the Oubanguides belt, is a Pan-African collisional belt on the northern edge of the Congo Craton, formed during the assembly of Gondwana.
Central Asian Orogenic Belt
The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), also known as the Altaids, is the largest accretionary orogen on Earth, formed by closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean over some 800 million years.
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is one of Earth's largest large igneous provinces, a vast collection of basaltic lava flows, dykes, and sills emplaced around 201 million years ago as Pangaea broke apart.
Central Rand Group
The Central Rand Group is the upper quartzite and conglomerate succession of the Witwatersrand Supergroup in South Africa, hosting most of its famous gold reefs.
Central Weather Administration
The Central Weather Administration (中央气象署, CWA), formerly the Central Weather Bureau until 2023, is Taiwan's government agency for weather, marine, and seismic services, and the sole official issuer of typhoon warnings.
CENTURY model
The CENTURY model, developed at Colorado State University's Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, simulates carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur dynamics in plant-soil systems on a monthly time step.
Ceriodaphnia
Ceriodaphnia is a genus of small freshwater water fleas in the family Daphniidae, whose species Ceriodaphnia dubia is a standard organism in regulatory aquatic toxicity testing.
Cerro Colorado mine
Cerro Colorado is an open-pit copper mine in Chile's Atacama Desert owned by BHP, which produced copper cathodes from 1994 until it paused operations in 2023.
Cerro Negro mine
Cerro Negro is a high-grade underground gold mine in Santa Cruz Province, Patagonia, Argentina, owned and operated by Newmont Corporation, with reserves of 3.0 million ounces of gold.
Cerro Pelón mine
Cerro Pelón is a satellite open-pit gold mine in Sonora, Mexico, operated by Alamos Gold from 2019 to 2021 and producing about 127,000 ounces of gold.
Cerro Verde mine
The Cerro Verde mine is a large open-pit copper and molybdenum mine near Arequipa in southern Peru, operated by Freeport-McMoRan and the country's leading copper producer in 2024.
Cerussite
Cerussite is a lead carbonate mineral (PbCO₃) that forms as a secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of lead deposits, where it is an important lead ore.
CF conventions
The CF conventions, formally the NetCDF Climate and Forecast Metadata Conventions, are a standard for netCDF metadata defining each variable's meaning, units, and coordinates.
Chachimbiro
Chachimbiro, a 4,106 m composite stratovolcano in Imbabura, Ecuador, 25 km NW of Ibarra; last erupted about 3740 BCE, tops Ecuador's 4-factor volcanic risk ranking, and hosts the country's first 50 MW geothermal project.
Chalcedony
Chalcedony is a microcrystalline form of silica, SiO2, made of quartz crystals too small to resolve under an ordinary microscope, and the umbrella term for varieties including agate, jasper, and carnelian.
Chalcocite
Chalcocite is a dark lead-gray copper sulfide mineral, Cu₂S, and an important copper ore with about 79.8 percent copper by weight, found mainly in supergene zones of copper deposits.
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite, also known as copper pyrites, is a brass-yellow copper iron sulfide mineral that is the world's most abundant copper source and the main mineral in porphyry deposits.
Chalk
Chalk, also known as chalk rock, is a soft, porous limestone formed from the skeletal remains of microscopic marine algae. Most chalk formed during the Cretaceous Period, which is named for it.
Challenger expedition
The Challenger expedition was a British scientific voyage around the globe aboard HMS Challenger from 1872 to 1876, regarded as the founding voyage of modern oceanography.
Chalybeate
Chalybeate, also called chalybeate water, is mineral spring water containing dissolved iron salts, typically reduced iron Fe(II), giving it a metallic taste and reddish-brown color.
Chamosite
Chamosite is a green iron-rich mineral of the chlorite group and the iron analog of clinochlore, named in 1820 for Chamoson, Switzerland, and best known as a main constituent of oolitic ironstones, sedimentary iron ores.
Chandler wobble
The Chandler wobble is a free nutation of the Earth's rotation axis with a period of about 433 to 435 days, discovered by Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891.
Change vector analysis
Change vector analysis is a remote sensing change detection method that computes a spectral change vector per pixel between two satellite images, introduced by W. A. Malila in 1980.
Changes in the course of the Yellow River
The changes in the course of the Yellow River, or Huang He, are repeated shifts of the lower river across the North China Plain, about 26 significant changes recorded since the Qin Dynasty.
Changesite-(Y)
Changesite-(Y) is a phosphate mineral of the merrillite group, found in lunar soil returned by China's Chang'e 5 mission and approved as a new mineral species in 2022.
Channel incision
Channel incision is the downward erosion of a stream bed that lowers the channel relative to its floodplain, occurring when sediment removed exceeds sediment supplied.
Channelization
Channelization is the engineering modification of a river or stream so its flow follows a fixed, controlled course, typically by straightening, deepening, or lining the channel.
Charcoal analysis of lake sediments
Charcoal analysis of lake sediments is a paleoecological method that counts and dates charcoal preserved in lake-bottom mud to reconstruct fire frequency and biomass burning over millennia.
Chargeability
Chargeability is a dimensionless measure of how strongly a rock or soil stores electric charge reversibly, the principal parameter of the induced polarization geophysical method.