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Charles L. Hosler Jr.
Charles L. Hosler Jr. (1924–2023) was an American meteorologist at Penn State who led its College of Earth and Mineral Sciences and created an early TV weather show.
Chart datum
Chart datum, also called tidal datum, is the low vertical reference plane to which nautical chart depths and tide predictions are referred, set so water seldom falls below it.
Chattian
The Chattian is a geologic stage, the upper stage of the Oligocene epoch, following the Rupelian and preceding the Aquitanian, spanning roughly 27.8 to 23 million years ago.
Chemical transport model
A chemical transport model (CTM) is a numerical model simulating the emission, atmospheric transport, chemical transformation, and deposition of trace gases and aerosols in three dimensions.
Chemical weathering
Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and organic acids, producing clays and dissolved solutes.
Chemistry–climate model
A chemistry–climate model (CCM) is a numerical atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an atmospheric chemistry scheme, so trace gases and aerosols feed back on climate; it projects stratospheric ozone and radiative forcing.
Chemostratigraphy
Chemostratigraphy is the dating and correlation of sedimentary rock layers by variations in chemical and isotopic composition, chiefly carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotope ratios in marine carbonates.
Chemosynthetic ecosystems
Chemosynthetic ecosystems are biological communities whose food supply comes from chemical energy instead of sunlight, first discovered at hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands in 1977.
Chemtrail conspiracy theory
The chemtrail conspiracy theory is the belief that persistent aircraft contrails are deliberate chemical or biological spraying, rejected by 76 of 77 surveyed atmospheric scientists in a 2016 study.
Chernozem
Chernozem, also called black soil or chornozyom, is a black, humus-rich soil of the temperate grasslands covering about 230 million hectares, mainly in Eurasian and North American steppes, and prized for natural fertility.
Chernozems
Chernozems, from the Russian for black earth (чёрнозем), are a WRB Reference Soil Group of deep steppe soils with a thick, dark, humus-rich surface horizon over lime-accumulating material.
Chert
Chert is a hard, dense sedimentary rock composed almost entirely of microcrystalline silica, occurring in bedded deposits and nodules, and the most important stone for prehistoric tools.
Chesapeake Bay impact crater
The Chesapeake Bay impact crater is a buried 85-kilometer-wide impact crater in southeastern Virginia, formed about 35 million years ago and the largest known in the United States.
Chichinautzin
Sierra Chichinautzin (Chichinautzin volcanic field): monogenetic volcanic field of 220+ scoria cones, shields, and domes south of Mexico City in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; last eruption Xitle ~400 CE, burying Cuicuilco.
Chicxulub crater
The Chicxulub crater is a buried 200-km-wide impact crater on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, formed 66 million years ago by the asteroid impact that ended the dinosaurs.
Chifeng Jilong Gold Mining
Chifeng Jilong Gold Mining is a Chinese gold mining company headquartered in Beijing, with mines in China, Laos, and Ghana and over 70% of resources held overseas.
Chikyū
Chikyū (ちきゅう), Japanese for Earth, is a Japanese deep-sea scientific drilling vessel operated by JAMSTEC. Launched in 2005, it was the world's first scientific drilling vessel with riser drilling technology.
Chikyu (drillship)
Chikyu (ちきゅう, "Earth") is a Japanese deep-sea scientific drillship operated by JAMSTEC, delivered in 2005, the only scientific drillship with riser drilling, built to drill toward Earth's upper mantle.
Chillan, Nevados de
Nevados de Chillán is an active stratovolcano complex in central Chile's Andes, rising to 3,212 meters; its most recent eruption ran from 2016 to 2022.
China Earthquake Networks Center
The China Earthquake Networks Center (中国地震台网中心) is the national institution of the China Earthquake Administration that operates China's seismic monitoring networks and issues rapid earthquake reports and early warnings.
China Meteorological Administration
The China Meteorological Administration (中国气象局) is China's national weather service, a public institution directly under the State Council, established in 1949, that operates forecasting, early warnings, and the Fengyun satellite program.
China Northern Rare Earth (CNREHT)
China Northern Rare Earth, also called Northern Rare Earth (北方稀土), is a Chinese rare earth producer based in Baotou, Inner Mongolia, processing ore from the Bayan Obo deposit.
Chinle Formation
The Chinle Formation is a Late Triassic rock unit, about 230 to 205 million years old, spread across the Colorado Plateau and known for petrified wood.
Chino mine
The Chino mine, also known as the Santa Rita Mine, is an open-pit copper mine near Silver City, New Mexico, part of Freeport-McMoRan since 2007.
Chinook wind
A Chinook wind is a strong, warm, dry foehn wind descending the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, famous as the "snow eater" that strips snowpacks in hours.
CHIRPS (precipitation dataset)
CHIRPS is a quasi-global, high-resolution rainfall dataset from the Climate Hazards Center at UC Santa Barbara, combining satellite infrared estimates with station observations for drought monitoring.
Chloride mass balance
The chloride mass balance (CMB) is a hydrogeological method for estimating groundwater recharge by comparing chloride deposited in precipitation with chloride concentrations in groundwater or unsaturated-zone water.
Chlorophyll maximum
A chlorophyll maximum, also called the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) or subsurface chlorophyll maximum, is a layer in stratified lakes and oceans where chlorophyll-a peaks below the surface, often accounting for much of primary production.
Christiana Figueres
Christiana Figueres, born Karen Christiana Figueres Olsen in 1956, is a Costa Rican diplomat who led the UN climate convention and the 2015 Paris Agreement.
Christiane Jablonowski
Christiane Jablonowski is a University of Michigan professor of climate and space sciences who works on dynamical cores of atmospheric models and won a PECASE award.