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Ebulobo
Ebulobo (Amburombu, Keo Peak) is a 2,096 m symmetrical stratovolcano in central Flores, Indonesia, with seven eruptions since 1830, last in 1969, plus 2013 and 2017 unrest and nearby Mataloko geothermal springs.
EC-Earth
EC-Earth is a global Earth system climate model developed by a European consortium of meteorological services and research institutes, founded in 2006 and contributing to CMIP climate comparisons.
Echo sounding
Echo sounding, also called depth sounding, measures water depth by timing a sound pulse's return from the seabed; it replaced the lead line in the early twentieth century.
Eclogite
Eclogite is a dense metamorphic rock composed of red garnet and green omphacite, formed when basalt or gabbro is buried deep during subduction of oceanic crust.
ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
The ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (ENS) runs many parallel forecasts at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts to estimate probabilities of future weather, operational since 1992.
Ecological status
Ecological status is a five-class measure of surface water ecosystem quality under the EU's 2000 Water Framework Directive, rating rivers, lakes, and coastal waters from high to bad.
Economic Geology (journal)
Economic Geology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mineral deposits and their origin, description, and exploration. Published since 1905, it is the flagship journal of the Society of Economic Geologists.
Ecosystem respiration
Ecosystem respiration is the oxidation of organic matter to inorganic carbon by all organisms in an ecosystem, measured in streams and rivers from daily dissolved oxygen records.
Eddy covariance
Eddy covariance is a micrometeorological method that measures turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor, heat, and momentum between the surface and the atmosphere, proposed in 1948.
Edge technique
The edge technique is a direct-detection Doppler lidar method for measuring atmospheric wind, introduced by Korb, Gentry, and Weng in 1992 and used on ESA's Aeolus satellite.
Edge wave
An edge wave is a surface ocean wave trapped against a sloping coast by refraction, propagating along the shoreline with an amplitude that decays rapidly offshore.
Ediacaran
The Ediacaran, also called the Vendian, is the last geological period of the Proterozoic, from about 635 to 538.8 million years ago, before the Cambrian.
Edwards Aquifer
The Edwards Aquifer is a karst limestone aquifer in south-central Texas, stretching roughly 180 miles and supplying more than two million people in the San Antonio area.
Edziza
Edziza (Mount Edziza volcanic complex) is a 2,786 m stratovolcano in northern British Columbia, Canada, active over 7.5 million years in five magmatic cycles, with a 2-km ice-filled caldera, over 30 young cinder cones, and a High Canadian threat ranking.
EF5 drought
The EF5 drought, also called the EF5 gap, was the period from 2013 to 2025 with no EF5-rated US tornadoes, the longest since records began in 1950.
Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome
During Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans sheltered over 10,000 evacuees while its roof partially failed and its utilities broke down.
Effective climate sensitivity
Effective climate sensitivity (EffCS) is the warming response to doubled CO2 evaluated for evolving non-equilibrium conditions, allowing estimation from observations or models without waiting for full equilibrium.
Effective radiative forcing
Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is the change in Earth's energy balance from a climate perturbation after rapid atmospheric adjustments, measured in watts per square meter.
Effective radius (cloud physics)
The effective radius in cloud physics is a characteristic droplet radius, defined as the ratio of the third to the second moment of the particle size distribution.
Effective rainfall
Effective rainfall, also called effective precipitation, is the portion of total rainfall useful for a stated purpose, most often crop water supply in the root zone.
Effects of climate change
The effects of climate change are the consequences of human-caused global warming: rising temperatures, melting ice, sea level rise, and extreme weather that disrupt health, food systems, and economies.
Effects of climate change on small island countries
Climate change severely affects small island countries, which contribute little to global emissions but face sea-level rise, stronger cyclones, drought, and food and water insecurity.
Effects of Hurricane Beryl in Texas
Hurricane Beryl struck the Texas coast near Matagorda on July 8, 2024 as a Category 1 storm, killing at least 36 people and knocking out power to nearly 2.8 million customers.
Effects of Hurricane Helene in Georgia
Hurricane Helene struck Georgia on September 26 and 27, 2024, causing over 1.5 million power outages, about 34 deaths, and at least $5.5 billion in agricultural losses.
Effects of Hurricane Helene in North Carolina
Hurricane Helene struck western North Carolina on September 26–27, 2024, bringing record rainfall, catastrophic flooding, over 2,000 landslides, 107 deaths, and an estimated $59.6 billion in damage, the costliest storm in state history.
Effects of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico as a Category 4 storm on September 20, 2017, causing the longest blackout in U.S. history, an estimated 2,975 deaths, and a mass migration to the mainland.
Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York
The effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York began on October 29, 2012, when a record storm tide flooded subways and homes, killing 43 people and causing $19 billion in damage.
Effects of tropical cyclones
The effects of tropical cyclones span storm surge, extreme winds, heavy rain, and tornadoes that killed 412,644 people from 1980 to 2009 and caused nearly half of all natural disaster losses.
Ejecta
Ejecta is material forced or thrown out, especially by a volcanic eruption, an impact on a planet or moon, or a stellar explosion, ranging from ash to bombs.
Ekman layer
The Ekman layer is the wind-driven surface layer of the ocean, about 100 m deep, where the current spirals with depth due to Earth's rotation.