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Foreland basin
A foreland basin is a sedimentary basin beside a mountain belt, formed when the range's weight bends the lithosphere into a trough; the term was introduced in 1974.
Fort Union Formation
The Fort Union Formation is a coal-bearing Paleocene rock unit underlying parts of Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, named in 1862 near Buford, North Dakota.
Fossil Free campaign
The Fossil Free campaign is a climate advocacy campaign led by 350.org that calls on universities, pension funds, and governments to divest from fossil fuel companies.
Fossil fuel industry disinformation
Fossil fuel industry disinformation is the spread of false or misleading climate claims by oil, gas, and coal companies, most extensively documented at ExxonMobil from 1977 onward.
Fracture zone
A fracture zone is a long, linear belt of ocean floor extending beyond an active transform fault, where the two sides move together and faulting ceases, leaving a scar.
Frank Slide
The Frank Slide was a 1903 rock avalanche from Turtle Mountain in Alberta, Canada, that buried part of the town of Frank, killing an estimated 70 to more than 90 people.
Frankie MacDonald
Frankie MacDonald is a Canadian amateur weather forecaster and YouTube personality from Sydney, Nova Scotia, known for his enthusiastic storm warnings and the catchphrase "Be Prepared!"
Frazil ice
Frazil ice consists of fine ice crystals suspended in supercooled, turbulent water, forming first in rivers, lakes, and polar seas before becoming grease and pancake ice.
Fred Talbot
Fred Talbot (Frederick Wilson Talbot) is a British former TV weather presenter, best known for forecasts from a floating map in Liverpool's Albert Dock on ITV's This Morning.
Freezing rain
Freezing rain is liquid rain that freezes into a glaze of ice on contact with any surface at or below freezing, coating roads, trees, and power lines.
Freshwater Biology (journal)
Freshwater Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by John Wiley & Sons since 1971, covering freshwater ecology from rivers and lakes to groundwaters and wetlands.
Fridays for Future
Fridays for Future (FFF) is a youth-led global climate strike movement begun in August 2018 by Swedish student Greta Thunberg, striking outside the Swedish parliament.
Frontier Formation
The Frontier Formation is a Cretaceous sandstone and shale rock unit widespread in Wyoming and adjacent states, named in 1901 near the coal town of Frontier, Wyoming.
Frontogenesis
Frontogenesis is the formation or intensification of a weather front through tightening of the horizontal potential temperature gradient, a process quantified by Petterssen in 1936.
Frost
Frost, also called ground frost, is a deposit of ice crystals on surfaces such as grass and windows cooled below 0 °C, typically on clear, calm nights, with types including hoar frost and rime.
Frost heave
Frost heave is the upward displacement of the ground surface caused by ice lenses forming in freezing soil, damaging roads, railways, pipelines, and building foundations in cold regions.
Frost point
The frost point is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure for water vapor to deposit as frost instead of condensing as dew.
Frost weathering
Frost weathering, also called frost shattering or freeze-thaw weathering, is the breakdown of rock by freezing water in cracks and pores, a key process in cold, non-glacial climates and mountains.
Froth flotation
Froth flotation is a mineral separation process in which hydrophobic particles attach to air bubbles and rise as a froth, the dominant method of mineral beneficiation.
Fujita scale
The Fujita scale, also known as the Fujita-Pearson scale, rates tornado intensity from F0 to F5 by damage caused. It was introduced in 1971 by Tetsuya Theodore Fujita and used in the United States until 2007.
Fujiwhara effect
The Fujiwhara effect, also called the Fujiwhara interaction or binary interaction, is the tendency of two nearby tropical cyclones to rotate around each other, often merging; it is named for Sakuhei Fujiwhara.
Fulgurite
A fulgurite, popularly called petrified lightning, is a natural glass tube or crust formed when a lightning strike melts and fuses sand, soil, or rock.
Full-waveform inversion
Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a seismic imaging method that iteratively adjusts a subsurface velocity model until simulated seismic waves match recorded survey data, waveform by waveform.
Fuller's earth
Fuller's earth, also known as bleaching earth or Multani Mitti, is any naturally occurring clay with high absorptive capacity, used to clean wool, absorb oils, and decolorize fats.
Fumarole
A fumarole is an opening in the Earth's surface that emits steam and volcanic gases, forming near active volcanoes or where magma rises without erupting.
Functional feeding group
A functional feeding group (FFG) is a classification of aquatic macroinvertebrates by their food-acquisition mechanism rather than taxonomy, proposed by Kenneth W. Cummins in 1973 with groups including shredders, collectors, scrapers, and predators.
Future of Earth
The future of Earth covers the planet's projected evolution across billions of years: near-term warming, a supercontinent in 200 to 250 million years, and eventual destruction by the Sun.
FV3 (dynamical core)
FV3, the Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere Dynamical Core, is a numerical solver for atmospheric equations developed at NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, serving since 2019 as the core of NOAA's Global Forecast System.
Gabbro
Gabbro is a dark, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene; it is the plutonic equivalent of basalt and forms much of the lower oceanic crust.
Gail Kineke
Gail C. Kineke is an American coastal oceanographer at Boston College who studies fine-sediment transport and fluid muds, and received a Presidential Early Career Award in 1996.