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Hurricane Sandy
Hurricane Sandy, also known as Superstorm Sandy, was the largest Atlantic hurricane on record, striking New Jersey in October 2012 and causing more than $50 billion in losses.
Hurricane shutter
A hurricane shutter, also called a storm shutter, is a protective covering over windows and doors that blocks windborne debris during hurricanes and similar windstorms.
Hurricane Stan
Hurricane Stan was a small Category 1 hurricane of the record 2005 Atlantic season that struck southern Mexico, killing over 1,000 people through floods and landslides across Central America.
Hurricane Tomas
Hurricane Tomas was a Category 2 Atlantic hurricane of October and November 2010 that struck the Windward Islands and passed near Haiti, causing 43 deaths.
Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model
The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model (HWRF) was NOAA's storm-following regional model providing track and intensity guidance for tropical cyclones from 2007 to 2023, when HAFS replaced it.
Hurricane Wilma
Hurricane Wilma was the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, with 882 mb pressure and 185 mph winds, striking Mexico's Yucatan and Florida in October 2005.
HY-2 (satellite)
HY-2, also known as Haiyang-2 (海洋二号), is a Chinese series of ocean dynamic environment satellites carrying radar altimeters, scatterometers, and radiometers to measure sea surface height, winds, and temperature; the first, HY-2A, launched in 2011.
Hyaloclastite
Hyaloclastite is a volcanic rock made of sharp-edged glass fragments that form when lava cools so fast on contact with water or ice that it shatters.
HYCOM
HYCOM (HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model) is an ocean general circulation model that switches its vertical coordinate with location, used for global ocean nowcasting and operational hurricane prediction.
Hydraulic conductivity
Hydraulic conductivity, also called hydraulic permeability, measures how easily water moves through a porous or fractured material, and it has the units of a velocity.
Hydraulic control
Hydraulic control is the condition in stratified or open-channel flow where long waves cannot travel upstream, typically at a sill crest, governing exchange through straits and fjords.
Hydraulic geometry
Hydraulic geometry is an empirical method in fluvial geomorphology expressing a river channel's width, depth, and velocity as power functions of discharge, introduced by Leopold and Maddock in 1953.
Hydraulic head
Hydraulic head, also called piezometric head, is a measure of the total energy that moves ground water through an aquifer, expressed as a height above a datum.
Hydraulic tomography
Hydraulic tomography is an aquifer characterization method that maps spatially varying hydraulic conductivity and storage by inverting head responses from sequential pumping or injection tests.
Hydrobiologia
Hydrobiologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of aquatic sciences published by Springer since 1948, covering the biology of freshwater and marine environments from molecular to ecosystem level.
Hydrodynamic dispersion
Hydrodynamic dispersion is the spreading and mixing of a solute as it moves through porous media, combining mechanical dispersion with molecular diffusion, and widening contaminant plumes in aquifers.
Hydrograph separation
Hydrograph separation is a hydrology method that splits a streamflow hydrograph into baseflow and quickflow, using graphical, digital-filter, or tracer mass-balance techniques to quantify how catchments generate runoff.
Hydrographer of the Navy
The Hydrographer of the Navy is the senior Royal Navy officer heading Britain's naval hydrographic effort, overseeing Admiralty charts since the office was created in 1795.
Hydrographic office
A hydrographic office is a national agency responsible for surveying a country's waters and producing the nautical charts, tide tables, and Notices to Mariners that ships need to navigate safely.
Hydrographic survey
Hydrographic survey is the measurement of water depth and seafloor features to produce bathymetric models and nautical charts, using single-beam and multibeam echo sounders, airborne LiDAR, and satellite-derived bathymetry.
Hydrography
Hydrography is the applied science of measuring and describing the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal waters, lakes, and rivers, chiefly to chart hazards and support safe navigation.
Hydrologic balance
Hydrologic balance (water balance): accounting where storage change equals precipitation minus evapotranspiration and runoff; basis of catchment hydrology, the Budyko framework, and water balance models.
Hydrological model
A hydrological model, also called a hydrological transport model, is a mathematical representation of water movement in a catchment, supporting flood forecasting and water resource management.
Hydrology
Hydrology, or hydrologic science, is the science of Earth's water, studying its occurrence, movement, and properties through the water cycle, from precipitation and runoff to evaporation.
Hydrophytic vegetation
Hydrophytic vegetation, also called hydrophytes, is the plant life of areas where saturated soils control which species grow, and one of three wetland delineation criteria.
HydroSHEDS
HydroSHEDS is a free suite of global hydrographic datasets, including catchment boundaries, river networks, and lakes, derived from satellite elevation data and initiated by World Wildlife Fund US in 2006.
Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is all of Earth's water in liquid and solid form at and beneath the surface, including oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, and ice sheets.
Hydrothermal alteration
Hydrothermal alteration, also called wallrock alteration, is the change in a rock's minerals and chemistry from reaction with hot fluid, ranging from isochemical change to metasomatism, important in ore formation.
Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation: seawater moving through oceanic crust, driven by thermal gradients, exchanging heat and chemicals; accounts for 20–25% of Earth's heat loss and sustains chemosynthetic vent ecosystems discovered in 1977.
Hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent, also known as a deep-sea vent, is a seafloor opening where seawater heated by magma reemerges as mineral-rich fluid, discovered near the Galápagos Islands in 1977.