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Ichinsky
Ichinsky (Ichinskaya Sopka, Icha) is Kamchatka's highest Sredinny Range stratovolcano, 3,596-3,621 m, a 450 km3 edifice with a glacier-filled caldera; last erupted 1740 CE, largest Holocene eruption about 6,500 BP.
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability
ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability is a global network of more than 2,500 local and regional governments working on sustainable urban development, climate action, and biodiversity.
Ifremer
Ifremer, the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, is a public oceanographic research institute founded in 1984 that operates France's fleet of 17 research vessels.
Igneous rock
Igneous rock, also known as magmatic rock, is rock formed when molten magma cools and solidifies, divided into intrusive and extrusive types such as granite and basalt.
Ignimbrite
Ignimbrite is the rock or deposit formed by pyroclastic density currents, hot ground-hugging flows of pumice, ash, and gas from collapsed eruption columns, also called ash-flow tuff.
IGO Limited
IGO Limited, formerly Independence Gold NL and listed on the ASX since 2002, is an Australian mining company in South Perth focused on nickel, lithium, and copper battery minerals.
IHOP_2002
IHOP_2002 (the International H2O Project) was a large meteorological field experiment over the Southern Great Plains of the United States in May and June 2002.
Ijen
Ijen, in Indonesian Gunung Ijen, is a volcanic complex in eastern Java, Indonesia, known for its turquoise acid crater lake, blue sulfur flames, and sulfur mining.
Illinois Basin
The Illinois Basin, also called the Eastern Interior Basin, is a large oval structural depression under parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky rich in coal and oil.
Image velocimetry
Image velocimetry is a family of image-based methods that estimate fluid flow velocities by tracking particles or surface patterns across images, producing a two-dimensional velocity field.
Imaging condition
An imaging condition is the mathematical rule combining forward-propagated source and backward-propagated receiver wavefields into a subsurface reflectivity image, the final step of seismic migration.
Imogolite
Imogolite is a poorly crystalline hydrous aluminosilicate clay mineral, first described in 1962 from volcanic ash soils in Japan, whose hollow nanotubes occur in volcanic ash soils worldwide.
Impact cratering
Impact cratering is the process by which hypervelocity collisions with asteroids or comets excavate craters in a planet's solid surface, one of the most widespread surface-shaping processes in the solar system.
Impact metamorphism
Impact metamorphism, also called shock metamorphism, is the irreversible deformation, melting, and vaporization of rock struck by a hypervelocity impact, producing diagnostic features like shocked quartz.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a 6.4% drop in global carbon dioxide emissions in 2020, alongside air quality changes, rising plastic waste, and mostly negative effects on conservation.
Impact-based warnings
Impact-based warnings describe the expected consequences of weather events and the actions people should take, rather than stating only hazard characteristics such as wind speed or rainfall depth.
In situ U–Pb dating
In situ U–Pb dating is a microanalytical geochronology method that dates zircon and other minerals in place, by laser ablation or ion microprobe, preserving their petrographic setting.
Inceptisols
Inceptisols are a major order of USDA Soil Taxonomy: weakly to moderately weathered soils covering about 17 percent of global ice-free land, more than any other soil order.
Incised valley
An incised valley is a valley cut by a river into coastal-plain strata after a sea-level fall, later filled with sediment during renewed sea-level rise.
Incoherent scatter
Incoherent scatter is a ground-based radar technique measuring electron density, temperatures, and plasma drift throughout the ionosphere; it remains the only ground-based technique observing full-altitude profiles, proposed by W. E. Gordon in 1958.
Index flood method
The index flood method is a regional flood frequency analysis technique introduced by Tate Dalrymple of the US Geological Survey in 1960, pooling flood records across a homogeneous region.
India Meteorological Department
The India Meteorological Department, also known as RSMC New Delhi, is India's national weather agency. Founded in 1875, it issues forecasts and cyclone warnings from New Delhi.
Indian Heaven
Indian Heaven volcanic field: basaltic shield-volcano and cinder-cone field in Skamania County, Washington, 30 km southwest of Mount Adams; ~50 vents, Big Lava Bed eruption about 9,000 years ago, low threat, USGS-monitored.
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean basin, bounded by Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Southern Ocean, and the only one closed by land to the north.
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWMS) is the UNESCO-IOC-coordinated system detecting Indian Ocean tsunamis and issuing threat advisories, established in 2005 in response to the 2004 tsunami that killed almost 230,000 people.
Indian Plate
Indian Plate: tectonic plate carrying the Indian subcontinent; broke from Gondwana ~167 Ma, separated from Madagascar 85-90 Ma, drifted north at up to 20 cm/yr, and collided with Eurasia ~50 Ma forming the Himalayas.
Indian summer
Indian summer is a spell of unusually warm, calm, hazy weather in late autumn, common in the central and eastern United States and parts of Europe, not India.
INDOEX
INDOEX, the Indian Ocean Experiment, was a 1999 international field campaign over the tropical Indian Ocean that measured how South Asian pollution aerosols affect climate.
Induced polarization
Induced polarization is a geophysical method measuring the delayed voltage decay of subsurface materials after an injected current is cut off, reporting chargeability and phase, used mainly to explore for disseminated metallic sulfides.
Industrias Peñoles
Industrias Peñoles is a Mexican mining-metallurgical group founded in 1887, the world's largest producer of refined silver and Latin American leader in gold and lead.