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International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks
The International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (FDSN) is a global organization of seismograph network operators, founded in 1984, that coordinates station siting and open data exchange.
International Geomagnetic Reference Field
The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a standard mathematical model of Earth's main magnetic field, produced by IAGA and updated every 5 years since 1968.
International Geophysical Year
The International Geophysical Year (IGY) was an 18-month program of Earth-science observation in 1957–58, in which 67 nations discovered the Van Allen belts and launched the first satellites.
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme
The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) was an international research program studying global change through Earth-system science. Established in 1986, it closed in 2015, passing its projects to Future Earth.
International GNSS Service
The International GNSS Service (IGS) is a voluntary federation that collects satellite navigation data from a global network of over 400 ground stations and publishes high-precision products such as orbits and clocks.
International Hydrological Decade
The International Hydrological Decade was a ten-year UNESCO program on water research, running from 1965 to 1974 and spanning all branches of hydrology in 107 countries.
International Hydrological Programme
The International Hydrological Programme (IHP) is UNESCO's intergovernmental scientific program for water research, resources management, education, and capacity development, founded in 1975 to continue the International Hydrological Decade.
International Indian Ocean Expedition
The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was a multinational oceanographic program, running through 1965, that made the first coordinated, basin-wide survey of the Indian Ocean.
International Meteorological Organization
The International Meteorological Organization (IMO), founded in 1879, was a non-governmental body of national meteorological service directors that standardized observations until the World Meteorological Organization replaced it in 1951.
International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project
The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) is the first project of the World Climate Research Programme, established in 1982 to map global cloud properties from weather satellites.
International Standard Atmosphere
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), ICAO/ISO 2533 standard model of temperature, pressure, and density versus altitude; sea level 15 °C, 1013.25 hPa, 1.225 kg/m³; seven layers to 84.852 km; used for altimeter calibration and aircraft performance.
International Water Management Institute
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a CGIAR research organization headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, founded in 1984, that works with governments to solve water problems in developing countries.
Interrill erosion
Interrill erosion, also called sheet erosion, is the removal of soil in thin layers by raindrop impact and shallow overland flow, the first stage of water erosion on a hillslope.
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also called the littoral zone, is the shore area between high and low tide, submerged at high tide and exposed to air at low tide.
Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone, also called the doldrums or the tropical rain belt, is a belt of intense rainfall near the equator where the trade winds converge.
INTEX (NASA campaign)
INTEX, the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment, was a two-phase NASA airborne campaign in 2004 and 2006 studying how pollution travels and changes across and between continents.
Intraplate deformation
Intraplate deformation is tectonic deformation, including faulting, folding, and earthquakes, that occurs within a lithospheric plate's interior, often hundreds to thousands of kilometers from any active plate boundary.
Inundation model
An inundation model is a computational model that simulates how floodwater spreads over land, predicting water depth and flooded extent from river, coastal, or rainfall events.
Inversion (meteorology)
In meteorology, an inversion, or temperature inversion, is an atmospheric layer in which air temperature rises with height, acting as a lid that traps fog, smoke, and pollutants.
Inversion tectonics
Inversion tectonics is the geological process in which a basin formed by extension is later shortened, so its controlling faults reverse movement and the basin fill is uplifted.
Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, roughly 80 to 600 km up, reflecting radio waves for shortwave broadcasting and affecting satellite communication and navigation.
Ionospheric tomography
Ionospheric tomography is an inverse technique, introduced in 1988, that images ionospheric electron density from total electron content measured along radio paths between satellites and ground receivers.
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's fifth comprehensive assessment of climate change, issued by its three working groups and a Synthesis Report in 2013 and 2014.
IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's most recent comprehensive assessment of climate change science, impacts, and mitigation, completed in 2023.
IPSL-CM
IPSL-CM is a family of coupled climate and Earth system models developed by the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace in Paris, contributing to CMIP3, CMIP6, and IPCC reports.
Iron fertilization
Iron fertilization, more fully ocean iron fertilization (OIF), is a proposed carbon dioxide removal technique that adds iron to iron-poor surface waters, stimulating phytoplankton growth and carbon export to the deep ocean.
Iron hydride
Iron hydride (FeHₓ) is a compound of iron and hydrogen, stable as a solid or melt only under gigapascal pressures and studied as a candidate component of Earth's core.
Iron mine near Djebel Taya
The iron mine near Djebel Taya was a nineteenth-century mining works on the Djebel Taya massif in the Guelma region of northeastern Algeria, mining antimony and mercury rather than iron.
Iron peroxide
Iron peroxide is a pyrite-structured iron oxide, FeO2, reported in 2016, which forms under deep lower-mantle pressures when the mineral goethite decomposes and is a candidate for ultralow-velocity zones above Earth's core.
Irruputuncu
Irruputuncu (Irruputunco, Iruputuncu) is a small active Chile-Bolivia border stratovolcano, 5,163 m, Central Andean arc, fumarolic, whose only confirmed eruption was a minor VEI 2 phreatic event in 1995.