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Isentropic surface
An isentropic surface is a surface in the atmosphere on which potential temperature, equivalently entropy, is everywhere equal, so adiabatic air parcels slide along it.
ISIMIP
ISIMIP (the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project) is a climate impact research framework providing common climate forcing datasets and consistent modeling protocols so impact models can be compared across sectors and scales.
Iskut-Unuk River Cones
Iskut-Unuk River Cones: group of eight small basaltic pyroclastic cones in northwestern British Columbia's Stikine volcanic belt, Canada's youngest volcanic field; Lava Fork last erupted about 1800 CE, flows reaching Alaska.
Island
An island is a naturally formed area of land surrounded by water that stays above water at high tide, ranging from river sandbars to New Guinea.
Isochron dating
Isochron dating determines the age of cogenetic rock samples by fitting a line to parent and daughter isotope ratios, giving both an age and the initial daughter composition.
Isograd
An isograd is a map line marking the first appearance of a metamorphic index mineral, such as garnet or biotite, meaning rocks of the same grade.
Isostasy
Isostasy is the gravitational balance of large crustal blocks as though floating on the denser asthenosphere; mountain ranges are supported by deep roots, a principle named by Clarence Dutton in 1889.
Isotope chemostratigraphy
Isotope chemostratigraphy is a geochemical method that correlates and dates sedimentary strata by matching isotope ratio variations, such as carbon and oxygen, recorded widely in ocean sediments.
Isotope hydrology
Isotope hydrology is the application of isotope measurements, chiefly isotopes of the water molecule, to trace the origin, movement, age, and chemical history of water.
Isotope stratigraphy
Isotope stratigraphy is the correlation and dating of sedimentary strata using isotope ratio curves, chiefly oxygen and carbon isotopes of foraminiferal calcite recording climate change.
Isotope thermometry
Isotope thermometry is a paleoclimate method that estimates past temperatures from temperature-dependent isotope ratios, chiefly oxygen, measured in marine carbonates, speleothems, vein calcites, and polar ice.
itabirite
Itabirite is a laminated, metamorphosed banded iron formation in Minas Gerais, Brazil, named there in 1822, composed of quartz with hematite or magnetite and hosting most Brazilian iron ore.
Ivanhoe Mines
Ivanhoe Mines is a Canadian mining company founded by Robert Friedland that develops the Kamoa-Kakula copper complex, the Kipushi zinc mine, and the Platreef platinum mine in Southern Africa.
Iyang-Argapura
Iyang-Argapura (Iyang-Argopuro) is a 3,088 m eroded complex volcano in East Java between Raung and Lamongan; no major eruptions in 500 years, geothermal potential, Java's longest trek.
Jabal Sayid
Jabal Sayid is an underground copper mine in Saudi Arabia's Medina Region, operated by the Ma'aden and Barrick joint venture and producing 65,000 tonnes of copper in 2024.
Jackie Guerrido
Jackie Guerrido, born in 1972, is a Puerto Rican television weather presenter and radio host best known as the weather anchor of Univision's Primer Impacto.
Jacobsite
Jacobsite is a black, weakly magnetic manganese iron oxide mineral of the spinel group, occurring in metamorphosed manganese deposits and named in 1869 for Jakobsberg, Sweden.
Jacutingaite
Jacutingaite (Pt₂HgSe₃) is a naturally occurring layered platinum-group mineral discovered in Brazil in 2008, whose exfoliated monolayer is a large-gap quantum spin Hall insulator realizing the Kane–Mele model.
Jade
Jade is a name shared by two distinct, exceptionally tough gem materials, nephrite and jadeite, whose finest form, imperial jadeite from northern Myanmar, is translucent emerald green.
Jadeite
Jadeite, known in Chinese as fei cui (翡翠), is a sodium aluminum pyroxene mineral and the more prized of the two minerals called jade, valued for its imperial-green variety.
Janice Dean
Janice Dean is a Canadian-born television meteorologist who joined Fox News in 2004 as its first official weather forecaster, later becoming senior meteorologist on Fox & Friends.
Jansen potash mine
Jansen is an underground potash mine under construction in central Saskatchewan, owned by BHP, with first production expected in mid-2027 and a stated investment of CAD$21.8 billion.
January 1985 North American cold wave
The January 1985 North American cold wave brought record low temperatures to the Southeastern United States from January 19 to 22, 1985, destroying most of Florida's citrus crop.
January 1998 North American ice storm
The January 1998 North American ice storm, or Great Ice Storm of 1998, coated eastern Ontario and southern Quebec in ice from January 4 to 10, 1998.
January 2016 United States blizzard
The January 2016 United States blizzard, informally Winter Storm Jonas, was a nor'easter that dropped 2 to 3 feet of snow on the Mid-Atlantic, January 22 to 24, 2016.
January 2018 North American blizzard
The January 2018 North American blizzard, or Winter Storm Grayson, was a bomb cyclone that brought blizzard conditions and record coastal flooding to the East Coast.
January 2025 Southern California wildfires
The January 2025 Southern California wildfires were wind-driven fires begun January 7 during strong Santa Ana winds; the Palisades and Eaton Fires destroyed over 16,000 structures.
January 23–27, 2026 North American winter storm
The January 23–27, 2026 North American winter storm, called Winter Storm Fern, brought heavy snow and ice across the United States, killing at least 70 people.
January 30 – February 2, 2026 nor'easter
The January 30 – February 2, 2026 nor'easter, also known as Winter Storm Gianna, was a bomb cyclone that brought record snowfall to the Carolinas.
January–February 2026 North American cold wave
The January–February 2026 North American cold wave pushed Arctic air across the United States from January 22, with Winter Storm Fern leaving over 470,000 without power and dozens dead.