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Juliana v. United States
Juliana v. United States, also known as YouthvGov, was a federal constitutional climate lawsuit filed in Oregon in 2015 by 21 young plaintiffs; it ended in 2025 when the Supreme Court declined review.
Julong Copper Mine
The Julong Copper Mine is a large open-pit copper-molybdenum mine in Maizhokunggar County near Lhasa, Tibet, holding China's largest copper resources at 25.88 million tonnes.
July 2025 Central Texas floods
The July 2025 Central Texas floods, also called the Kerr County floods, killed at least 135 people along the Guadalupe River on July 4, 2025.
June 2012 North American derecho
The June 2012 North American derecho was a severe thunderstorm complex that on June 29, 2012 swept 1,000 km from the Midwest to the Mid-Atlantic, killing 13.
June Gloom
June Gloom, also known as May Grey, is a Southern California weather pattern of cool, overcast skies in May and June, caused by ocean stratus clouds moving over the coast.
Junggar Basin
Junggar Basin: large sedimentary basin in northern Xinjiang, NW China, between Tian Shan and Altai mountains; 13.6 × 10^4 km², China's second-largest basin, major petroleum province with a thick Late Carboniferous–Quaternary fill and deep-time climate records.
Jurassic
The Jurassic, also called the Jurassic period, is the middle Mesozoic period from 201.4 to 145 million years ago, when dinosaurs rose to dominance and Pangea split apart.
Jurassic Coast
The Jurassic Coast, officially the Dorset and East Devon Coast, is a 95-mile stretch of England's south coast made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001.
Just Stop Oil
Just Stop Oil (JSO) was a British climate group active from 2022 to 2025, campaigning against new UK oil, gas, and coal licensing through civil resistance.
K-index (meteorology)
The K-index (KI) is a meteorological measure of an air mass's thunderstorm potential, computed from temperature and dew point at 850, 700, and 500 hPa of a sounding.
K–Ar dating
K–Ar dating, also called potassium–argon dating or K-Ar, is a radiometric dating method that determines the age of volcanic rocks and minerals from the decay of radioactive potassium-40 to argon-40.
Kaali crater
Kaali crater, also known as Kaalijärv crater, is a meteorite impact crater field on Saaremaa Island, Estonia, formed by an iron meteorite in the postglacial period.
Kaidu River
The Kaidu River (开都河) is a 530 km inland river in Xinjiang, northwest China, rising in the Tianshan and supplying about 95 percent of Bosten Lake's water.
Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount, formerly Lōʻihi Seamount, is an active submarine shield volcano 30 km south of the Island of Hawaiʻi, the youngest in the Hawaiian–Emperor chain.
Kamen
Kamen (Kamchatka volcano), a dormant 4,585 m stratovolcano in the Klyuchevskaya group between Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, and Ploskie Sopky; late Pleistocene edifice, no Holocene eruptions, eastern sector collapse 1,200-1,300 years ago.
Kamikaze (typhoon)
The kamikaze (神風, "divine wind") refers to the typhoons of 1274 and 1281 that wrecked Kublai Khan's Mongol invasion fleets of Japan, ending Mongol attempts to conquer the country.
Kanlaon
Kanlaon, also spelled Canlaon, is an active andesitic stratovolcano on Negros Island in the central Philippines, the island's highest point at 2,422 m, in eruption since 2024.
Kaolin
Kaolin, also called china clay, is a soft white clay consisting mainly of kaolinite, named after Gaoling in China and consumed chiefly by the paper and ceramics industries.
Kaolinite
Kaolinite, the principal mineral of kaolin or china clay, is a white layered clay mineral named after Gaoling, China, and used in porcelain, paper, and ceramics.
Karaburan
The Karaburan, also called the black storm or black buran, is a violent northeast wind of Central Asia that raises dust dense enough to darken the sky.
Karkar (volcano)
Karkar volcano, Papua New Guinea: forest-covered 19 x 25 km island stratovolcano, 1,839 m, in the Bismarck Volcanic Arc, with two nested calderas, the Bagiai cone, a fatal 1979 phreatic eruption, and 2012-2014 satellite ash plumes.
Kármán line
The Kármán line, also known as the Von Kármán line or Karman limit, is the conventional boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space, set at 100 kilometers altitude.
Karoo Supergroup
The Karoo Supergroup is a thick succession of sedimentary and volcanic rocks spanning the late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic across southern Africa, rich in fossils of mammal-like reptiles.
Karren
Karren, also known as lapies, are small-scale dissolution landforms, usually under 10 m, carved into limestone and other soluble rocks, and common across karst terrains.
Karst
Karst is a landscape and topography formed when water dissolves soluble rocks such as limestone and dolomite, producing sinkholes, caves, springs, and underground drainage; it covers about 10 percent of Earth's land surface.
Karst hydrology
Karst hydrology is the study of water movement through karst, landscapes formed in soluble limestone and dolomite, which supply drinking water to a quarter of the world.
Karstification
Karstification is the process by which slightly acidic water dissolves soluble rock, most commonly limestone and dolomite, enlarging fractures into caves and producing karst landforms.
Kassite
Kassite is a rare calcium titanium oxide mineral named in 1965 for geologist Nikolai Kassin, first found at the Afrikanda complex on the Kola Peninsula, Russia.
Katabatic wind
A katabatic wind, also called a fall wind or gravity wind, flows downhill when gravity pulls cold, dense air down slopes in mountainous and glacial regions.
Katia and Maurice Krafft
Katia and Maurice Krafft were French volcanologists, a married couple from Alsace who filmed and photographed eruptions at close range and died together on Mount Unzen, Japan, in 1991.