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Kola Superdeep Borehole (Кольская сверхглубокая скважина)
The Kola Superdeep Borehole (Кольская сверхглубокая скважина) is a Soviet scientific drill hole on Russia's Kola Peninsula that reached 12,262 m, the deepest ever drilled.
Kolar Gold Fields
Kolar Gold Fields (KGF), also known as the Kolar gold mines, is a gold-mining region in Karnataka, India, worked until 2001 to depths of 3.4 km.
Kollur Mine
The Kollur Mine, also known as the Kollur Diamond Mine, was a historic alluvial diamond mine on the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh, India, active in the seventeenth century.
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is an empirical system dividing world climates into five major classes and 30 sub-types by temperature and precipitation, designed to align with global vegetation distribution.
Korea Meteorological Administration
The Korea Meteorological Administration (기상청) is South Korea's government agency for weather, earthquakes, and climate, founded in 1949, elevated in 1990, and based in Daejeon since 2022.
Korean Data Assimilation and Prediction System
The Korean Data Assimilation and Prediction System is the family of operational numerical weather prediction systems run by the Korea Meteorological Administration, including GDAPS, RDAPS, and LDAPS.
Krakatoa
Krakatoa, more properly Krakatau (Indonesian: Krakatau), is a volcanic island group in Indonesia's Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, famous for its catastrophic 1883 eruption.
Kukersite
Kukersite is a marine oil shale of Ordovician age found in northeastern Estonia and northwestern Russia, mined commercially since 1916 as Estonia's main oil shale.
Kuranakh
Kuranakh (Куранах) is a gold mining district in the Aldan District of Yakutia, Russia, comprising eleven gold deposits and a large buried placer worked since the 1920s.
Kuroshio Current (黒潮)
The Kuroshio, also known as the Japan current, is a warm ocean current flowing northeastward past Taiwan and Japan, the Pacific counterpart of the Gulf Stream.
Kuznetsk Alatau
The Kuznetsk Alatau (Кузнецкий Алатау) is a mountain system in southern Siberia, Russia, about 300 km long, separating the Kuznetsk Basin from the Minusinsk Basin.
Kyanite
Kyanite is a blue, bladed aluminosilicate mineral, Al₂SiO₅, named in 1789 from the Greek for dark blue, whose crystals scratch easily along their length but not across it.
Kyejo
Kyejo (Kieyo, Kiejo) is a 2,176 m trachytic stratovolcano in the Rungwe Volcanic Province, SW Tanzania, NW of Lake Malawi. Its only historical eruption, around 1800 CE from the Sarabwe and Fiteko cones, produced 8 km lava flows that overran villages.
La Garita Caldera
La Garita Caldera, also called the La Garita supervolcano, is a large eroded caldera in southwestern Colorado formed about 28 million years ago by the Fish Canyon Tuff supereruption.
La Neuve Formation
La Neuve (gisement de La Neuve) is a late Campanian (Begudian) fossil locality in the Arc syncline, Aix-en-Provence Basin, near Trets, France, yielding sandstone-hosted dinosaur eggshell, theropod teeth, gar fish, mammals, and salamanders; sources give no formal formation name.
Labrador Sea Water
Labrador Sea Water is a cold, fresh intermediate-depth water mass of the North Atlantic, formed by winter deep convection in the central Labrador Sea and spread across the Atlantic.
Labradorite
Labradorite is a calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar first reported from Labrador, Canada, in 1770, best known for labradorescence, an iridescent blue, green, and gold play of color.
Lagrangian model (fluid dynamics)
A Lagrangian model describes a fluid by following individual parcels along their trajectories through the flow, rather than recording velocity at fixed grid points as an Eulerian model does.
Lagrangian particle dispersion model
A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (LPDM) simulates atmospheric transport and dispersion of tracers and pollutants by computing trajectories of many notional particles carried by winds, used in models such as FLEXPART and HYSPLIT.
Lagrangian particle tracking
Lagrangian particle tracking is a simulation method that follows individual virtual particles through time-evolving velocity fields, used to study ocean transport, larval dispersal, microplastics, oil spills, and air-parcel trajectories.
Lahar
A lahar, also called a volcanic mudflow or debris flow, is a rapidly flowing mixture of volcanic rock debris and water originating on a volcano's slopes.
Lake acidification
Lake acidification is the process by which a lake's water becomes more acidic, caused mainly by acid rain and acid mine drainage. It killed fish in Scandinavian and North American lakes in the 1970s and 1980s.
Lake sediment coring
Lake sediment coring is the extraction of cylindrical sediment columns from lake beds, using gravity, piston, vibracorer, and drilling systems to recover layered records of past environments for paleolimnology, paleoclimatology, and contamination studies.
Lake stratification
Lake stratification, or thermal stratification, is the layering of a lake's water by density, typically into a warm epilimnion, a cold hypolimnion, and a thermocline between.
Lake Suguta
Lake Suguta was a large Pleistocene and Holocene lake filling the Suguta Valley in the northern Kenya Rift, reaching about 300 m deep during the African Humid Period.
Lake-effect snow
Lake-effect snow is heavy snow produced when cold, dry air passes over a warmer unfrozen lake and forms narrow snow bands over the downwind shore, especially near the Great Lakes.
Laki
Laki, or Lakagígar, is a 27 km volcanic fissure in southern Iceland whose 1783 to 1784 eruption caused famine that killed about a fifth of Iceland's population.
Lakkor Tso Salar lithium project
The Lakkor Tso Salar lithium project (拉果错盐湖锂矿) is a lithium brine mining operation at Lakkor Tso, a salt lake in Xizang, China, owned by Zijin Mining Group.
Lalor Mine
The Lalor Mine is an underground zinc, copper, and gold mine near Snow Lake, Manitoba, operated by Hudbay Minerals on a deposit it discovered in 2007; production began in 2012.
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, founded in 1949 on a Hudson River estate in Palisades, New York, is Columbia University's Earth science research center, known for seafloor mapping that laid the groundwork for plate tectonics.