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Infiernillo
Infiernillo (GVP 357041) is a late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic andesite volcanic field in Mendoza, Argentina, along the Río Salado near Malargüe; last eruption 6890 BCE at Volcán Hoyo Colorado; distinct from Mexican and Salvadoran places named Infiernillo.
Infiltration (hydrology)
Infiltration, also called water infiltration, is the movement of water from the land surface into soil through pores, feeding the root zone and recharging aquifers.
Infiltration capacity
Infiltration capacity, also called infiltrability, is the maximum rate at which soil can absorb water at its surface, a concept introduced by Robert E. Horton in the early 1940s.
Inflow tail
An inflow tail is a band of low cloud marking warm, moist air drawn into a supercell thunderstorm's updraft, including the tail cloud and the beaver tail.
Infrared thermal imaging
Infrared thermal imaging is a passive remote sensing technique that records infrared radiation emitted by surfaces and converts it into temperature maps without contact, used in handheld cameras and satellites.
Inland Waters (journal)
Inland Waters is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering limnology and the management of inland aquatic ecosystems, official journal of the International Society of Limnology since 2011.
INM-CM
INM-CM is the family of coupled Earth system climate models developed at the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow since 2000.
Inner core rotation
Inner core rotation is the spin of Earth's solid inner core relative to the mantle, inferred from tiny changes in seismic wave travel times since 1996.
InSAR
InSAR, or Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, is a radar remote-sensing technique combining SAR images of the same area to measure millimeter-to-centimeter ground surface deformation and derive topography.
InSAR time series analysis
InSAR time series analysis is a geodetic method that measures millimeter-scale ground displacement over time from stacks of radar images, monitoring volcanoes, subsidence, and tectonic deformation.
Insolation
Insolation is the amount of incoming solar radiation received by a surface or region over a given time, measured as irradiance in watts per square meter.
Instantaneous unit hydrograph
The instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) is the theoretical runoff response of a watershed to a unit depth of excess rainfall applied instantaneously, proposed by J. E. Nash in 1957.
Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada)
The Institute of Ocean Sciences is a Fisheries and Oceans Canada research facility in Sidney, British Columbia, a Pacific coast center for ocean science and hydrography since 1979.
Integer ambiguity resolution
Integer ambiguity resolution (IAR) is the estimation of unknown carrier-phase cycle-count ambiguities as integers, enabling precise GNSS positioning; methods include rounding, bootstrapping, and the LAMBDA method introduced in 1993.
Integrated assessment model
An integrated assessment model (IAM) is a computer model that links climate with economic, energy, and land-use systems to analyze climate policies, used in IPCC assessments.
Integrated Forecasting System
The Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) is the numerical weather prediction suite with which ECMWF produces its operational forecasts, upgraded in regular numbered releases called cycles.
Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM
Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified U.S. algorithm for NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement mission, merging satellite and gauge data into half-hourly global precipitation fields since 2000.
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international scientific ocean drilling program, co-led by the United States and Japan, that operated from 2003 to 2013.
Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market
The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) is an independent governance body that sets quality standards for the voluntary carbon market, publishing the Core Carbon Principles in July 2023.
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar (InSAR) is a remote-sensing method comparing radar images from repeated satellite passes to map millimeter-scale ground deformation from earthquakes, volcanoes, and subsidence.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, established in 1960, is the United Nations' lead body for ocean science, coordinating research, ocean observation, and tsunami warning systems.
Internal phosphorus loading
Internal phosphorus loading is the release of phosphorus from a lake's own sediments into the water, distinct from external loading, and often the main summer phosphorus load in eutrophic lakes.
Internal structure of Mars
The internal structure of Mars is its layered crust, mantle, and core, revealed by NASA's InSight lander, which measured a thin mantle and a large, liquid iron–nickel core.
Internal tide
An internal tide, also called a baroclinic tide, is an internal gravity wave with tidal periodicity, generated in the stratified ocean where tidal currents flow over ridges, seamounts, and shelf breaks. It drives deep-ocean mixing.
Internal wave
An internal wave is a wave that propagates within a density-stratified fluid such as the ocean or atmosphere, where gravity restores displaced water and amplitudes can reach hundreds of meters.
International Arctic Buoy Programme
The International Arctic Buoy Programme (IABP) is an international cooperative program maintaining drifting buoys across the Arctic Ocean, providing meteorological and oceanographic data continuously since 1979.
International Association of Hydrogeologists
The International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) is a UK-based charitable organization of groundwater professionals, founded in 1956, with over 5,000 members in more than 130 countries.
International Association of Hydrological Sciences
The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is a UK-registered non-profit organization promoting hydrology worldwide, founded in 1922, with more than 13,000 members in over 170 countries.
International Commission on Stratigraphy
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), the largest and oldest scientific body of the International Union of Geological Sciences, defines the periods, epochs, and ages of the geologic time scale.
International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set
The International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS), created as COADS in 1981, is a freely distributed archive of surface marine observations from ships and buoys spanning 1662 to the present.