6,052 articles
Linear logic
Linear logic is a substructural logic introduced by Jean-Yves Girard in 1987 that treats formulas as resources, dropping contraction and weakening so each assumption must be used exactly once.
Linear map
A linear map, also called a linear transformation, is a function between vector spaces that preserves addition and scalar multiplication, exemplified by rotations and projections.
Linear model
A linear model is a statistical model that expresses a response variable as a linear combination of predictors with unknown coefficients, written Y = Xβ + ε and fitted by least squares.
Linear programming relaxation
A linear programming relaxation is the linear program obtained by deleting an integer program's integrality constraints; its optimum bounds the integer optimum and supports rounding, branch-and-bound, and cutting planes.
Linear regression
Linear regression, covering multiple linear regression, models a response variable as a linear function of one or more explanatory variables, most commonly estimated by the method of least squares.
Linear sampling method
The linear sampling method (LSM) is a non-iterative inverse-scattering technique, introduced by David Colton and Andreas Kirsch in 1996, that reconstructs the shape of unknown scatterers from multistatic far-field wave data.
Linear span
The linear span, also called the linear hull, of a set of vectors is the set of all their finite linear combinations, and it forms the smallest subspace containing them.
Linear stability analysis
Linear stability analysis determines whether small disturbances to an equilibrium of a dynamical system grow or decay, by linearizing the equations and examining eigenvalues; it gives only a local verdict.
Linear subspace
A linear subspace, also called a vector subspace, is a subset of a vector space that is itself a vector space under the same addition and scalar multiplication; examples include lines and planes through the origin.
Linear system
A linear system is a mathematical model of a dynamic process whose output obeys superposition, forming the basis of automatic control, signal processing, circuit analysis, and structural mechanics.
Linear system of divisors
A linear system of divisors, also called a linear series, is a family of linearly equivalent effective divisors on an algebraic variety, parametrized by projective space.
Linear temporal logic
Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic over infinite sequences of states, proposed by Amir Pnueli in 1977 and now the most widely used temporal logic in computer science.
Linearity
Linearity is the property of a function or system satisfying additivity and homogeneity, meaning T(u+v) = T(u)+T(v) and T(av) = aT(v); it enables superposition, unlike nonlinear problems.
Linearization
Linearization is the replacement of a nonlinear system by a linear one approximating it near a chosen point, typically an equilibrium, with eigenvalues of the Jacobian determining local stability.
Linking number
The linking number is an integer invariant in knot theory that counts, with sign, how many times one closed curve winds around another; Gauss introduced it in 1833.
Liouville function
The Liouville function is the completely multiplicative arithmetic function λ(n) = (−1)^Ω(n), counting prime factors with multiplicity; it is central to the prime number theorem and the Riemann hypothesis.
Lipschitz continuity
Lipschitz continuity, the Lipschitz condition, is a strong form of uniform continuity in which a function cannot stretch distances by more than a fixed constant factor.
LISREL
LISREL (linear structural relations) is a statistical software package for structural equation modeling, developed by Karl Jöreskog and Dag Sörbom at Uppsala University in the 1970s.
Lissajous curve
A Lissajous curve, also called a Bowditch curve or Lissajous figure, is the path traced by a point oscillating sinusoidally in two perpendicular directions, named for Jules Lissajous.
List (information)
A list is an ordered set of items, such as names or tasks, arranged so each has a position; in computing it is a fundamental data structure.
List coloring conjecture
The list coloring conjecture is an open graph theory problem, proposed by Vizing around 1975, stating that the list-chromatic index of every multigraph equals its chromatic index.
List decoding
List decoding is a decoding technique that outputs all codewords within a chosen Hamming distance of a received word, correcting up to twice as many errors as unique decoding.
List of algorithms
The list of algorithms catalogs named computational procedures, organized by the problem they solve or the design technique they use, ranging from Euclid's ancient algorithm to post-quantum cryptography standards.
List of countries by minimum wage
List of countries by minimum wage: statutory minimum wage rates worldwide, also called national minimum wage or salaire minimum. Covers 189 countries with minimum wages, highest (Switzerland) and lowest (Burundi) rates, pay periods, and datasets like ILOSTAT, Eurostat, OECD, WageIndicator.
List of European countries by average wage
A ranked list of European countries by average gross wage: in 2024 Luxembourg topped the EU at €83,000 and Bulgaria was lowest at €15,400, against an EU average of €39,800.
List of fields of application of statistics
The list of fields of application of statistics covers the domains where statistics is used, including medicine, business, engineering, government, and the natural and social sciences.
List of finite simple groups
The list of finite simple groups is the classification theorem's catalog: cyclic groups of prime order, alternating groups, groups of Lie type, and 26 sporadic groups.
List of finite-dimensional Nichols algebras
The list of finite-dimensional Nichols algebras collects the classified finite-dimensional examples, chiefly of diagonal type, with their generalized root systems, defining relations, and dimensions from Heckenberger's 2009 classification.
List of forcing notions
The list of forcing notions covers the classical partial orders used in Cohen's forcing method, from Cohen and random forcing to Sacks, Laver, and Miller forcing.
List of highest-income counties in the United States
The list of highest-income counties in the United States, also called the richest counties, ranks counties by median household income, led by Loudoun County, Virginia.